仿生科学与工程专业英语

　　《仿生科学与工程专业英语》教材以仿生学原理及其多学科应用方向为基础，参考国外原版课程素材和 高水平学术期刊论文，系统介绍仿生相关学会组织与机构、仿生设计原则与方法、运动仿生学、仿生材料、仿生机械、仿生健康和仿生智能等内容。本教材面向 建设现代化教育强国的战略需求，落实立德树人根本任务，通过提高仿生科学与工程专业领域的语言知识水平及综合运用能力，强化提升学生的 视野和综合素养，培养学生成为我国强有力参与仿生科技领域 事务与 竞争、建设现代化科技强国的 人才。本教材不仅适用于仿生科学与工程专业本科生教学，也可作为该专业硕博研究生专业英语的参考用书，还可作为材料科学与工程、机械设计、人工智能等多学科专业英语教学和自学参考用书。

　　郭丽，吉林大学生物与农业工程学院教授，博士生导师，英国高等教育学会研究员。2011年在美国堪萨斯州立大学（Kansas State University）获得博士学位，2011年-2012年相继在美国堪萨斯州立大学和密西根州立大学（Michigan State University）从事博士后研究工作。主讲《农业机械化及其自动化专业英语》和《仿生科学与工程专业英语》等本科生课程；主讲《现代设计方法与创新思维》和《环境污染与仿生监测控制技术》等研究生课程，具有丰富教学经验。

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Features of English for Special Purposes 1
1.2 Introduction to Bionics 1
1.2.1 Learning from Nature 2
1.2.2 Terms and Definitions 4
1.3 Professional Organizations/Institutions 5
1.3.1 The Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) of Jilin University (KLBE) 6
1.3.2 The International Society of Bionic Engineering (ISBE) 6
1.3.3 Bionics International (BIN) 7
1.3.4 The Laboratory of Bionics Engineering of the University of Seville (LBE) 8
1.3.5 The Bionics Engineering Lab of the University of Utah (BEL) 8
1.3.6 The Center for Extreme Bionics (CEB) 8
1.3.7 Biomimicry Institute (BI) 9
1.3.8 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 9
Key vocabularies 10
Exercises 11
Chapter 2 Fundamentals and Principles of Bionics 13
2.1 Two Strategic Approaches of Bionics 13
2.2 Design Paradigms 15
2.2.1 Problem-Driven BID 16
2.2.2 Solution-Driven BID 19
2.2.3 Biomimicry 23
Key vocabularies 25
Exercises 27
Chapter 3 Enhance the Success of Biomimetic Programs 29
3.1 Biomimetic Approaches to Engineering Designs May be Suboptimal 30
3.2 Cases of Evaluation of Bionic Design 30
3.2.1 Designing Reversible Adhesives Based on Gecko Toe Pads 30
3.2.2 Development of High Performance Materials Based on Spider Dragline Silk 34
3.2.3 Worms Show Way to Efficiently Move Soil 37
3.3 Pathway to Enhanced Outcomes 39
3.3.1 Specification of the Target Function(s) 39
3.3.2 Choice of Model 40
3.3.3 Extraction of Working Principles 40
3.3.4 Designing Prototypes 42
3.3.5 Testing Prototypes 42
Key vocabularies 42
Exercises 44
Chapter 4 Biomimetics of Motion 47
4.1 Biomimics for Adaptivity 47
4.1.1 Micro and Macro 47
4.1.2 Adaptivity through Disassembly 48
4.1.3 Adaptivity through Motion 49
4.2 Motion versus Change 49
4.2.1 Motion as Change on a Specific Time-scale 49
4.2.2 Tropic and Nastic Movements 50
4.2.3 Locomotion 51
4.3 Case Studies of Motion in Nature 53
4.3.1 Plants and Seeds 53
4.3.2 Soft-Bodied Systems 60
4.3.3 Rigid Systems 67
Key vocabularies 73
Exercises 78
Chapter 5 Bioinspired Materials 81
5.1 Background 81
5.1.1 Box 1 | Essentials of mechanical properties 83
5.1.2 Box 2 | Common design motifs of natural structural materials 87
5.2 Structure and Properties of Natural Materials 89
5.3 Methods of Processing Hierarchical Materials 95
5.4 Looking Ahead 99
Key vocabularies 102
Exercises 106
Chapter 6 Bioinspired Robots 109
6.1 Bioinspired Morphologies 110
6.2 Bioinspired Sensors 112
6.2.1 Vision 112
6.2.2 Audition 114
6.2.3 Touch 115
6.2.4 Smell 116
6.2.5 Taste 117
6.3 Bioinspired Actuators 117
6.4 Bioinspired Control Architectures 124
6.4.1 Behavior-based Robotics 124
6.4.2 Learning Robotics 124
Key vocabularies 126
Exercises 130
Chapter 7 Artificial Intelligence 131
7.1 Introduction to AI 131
7.2 Achieving AI 135
7.3 Machine Learning 136
7.3.1 Supervised Learning 137
7.3.2 Unsupervised Learning 139
7.3.3 Semi Supervised Learning 140
7.3.4 Reinforcement Learning 141
7.4 Challenges for AI 144
7.5 Application Areas of AI 145
7.5.1 Robots and Telemedicine 146
7.5.2 Education 148
Key vocabularies 149
Exercises 150
References 152