中西文化比较

　　《中西文化比较》共包括九章。第一章为概论部分，考察文化的定义、文化的要素、文化的分类、文化比较的态度等内容，引导学生对文化差异性进行批判性理解。第二章重点讨论地理环境及经济形态对文化产生与发展的影响。第三章旨在让学生了解中西宗教文化的差异及其影响，进而探索产生这种差异的原因；重点是基督教的神人观与一神论及中国宗教的天人观与多神论之间的差异与影响。第四章重点阐述中西文化的价值基础及中西社会行为规范，如西方文化中的机会均等、个人本位与中国文化中的忠孝仁义及群体认同。第五章为中西语言与思维的比较，重点讨论中西语言在语音、词汇、语法和句法层面的宏观差异以及中西思维方式的差别，使学生在比较中深入理解中西文化的认识基础，即中西思维方式的异同并理解语言与文化的复杂关系。第六章为中西教育理念及方法的比较，重点分析中西教学方式、学习风格、学习策略与师生关系的差异，旨在引导学生反思并对中西教育教学实践差异作出非实质主义解读，帮助学生批判理解中西教育与学术文化的差别、交融与共通。第七章为中西艺术比较，重点讨论“写意”的中国艺术和“写实”的西方艺术的风格及其表现形式；中西美术分野、演变及其文化阐释。第八章为中西文学比较，在分析中西方诗歌异同的基础上，重点讨论了中国的词与西方十四行诗之间的异同及其文化阐释。第九章为中西音乐比较及发展演变，重点分析中西民间音乐所具有的共性特征及民间音乐在音乐发展史上不可取代的地位，以批驳西方纯音乐至上的偏见。《中西文化比较》是西安交通大学通识类核心课程“中西文化比较”课程建设的成果。教材使用对象为选修该门通识类核心课程的大学生或研究生。因《中西文化比较》的主要目的是加深学生对中西方文化基本特征的批判性认识，开拓视野，提升跨文化交流能力，因此对于希望系统深入了解中西文化差异并提高英语水平的读者，也不失为一本有价值的参考书。

　　杨瑞英，西安交通大学外国语学院教授，博士研究生导师。西北大学英语语言文学学士，英国伯明翰大学文学硕士，新加坡国立大学博士；曾在美国密西根大学，荷兰格罗宁根大学访学；2012－2014主持西安交通大学通识核心课程“中西文化比较”课程建设并为该课程主讲教师之一，现任内布拉斯加林肯大学孔子学院中方院长，开设中国文化讲座课程；在应用语言学领域出版专住一部。发表论文近20篇并主编与参与编写英语教材多部。

Chapter 1 Understanding Culture
1．1 Culture： The Definitions
1．2 Characteristics of Culture
1．2．1 Culture is learnt
1．2．2 Culture is shared
1．2．3 Culture is transmissive
1．2．4 Culture affects human behavior
1．3 Classification of Culture
1．3．1 Visible and invisible culture
1．3．2 High and low culture
1．3．3 Mainstream and sub-culture
1．4 Culture， Race and Ethnicity
1．5 Comparing Cultures： An Anti-essentialist Perspective
1．5．1 Cultural differences and cultural similarities
1．5．2 Comparing individuals： behaviors： differences and similarities
1．5．3 Comparing cultures： Some problematic tendencies
1．6 Understanding Culture： A More Appropriate Attitude
Chapter 2 Comparing Origins of Civilizations
2．1 Origins of Chinese and Western Civilizations
2．1．1 Origin of Chinese civilization
2．1．2 Origin of Western civilization
2．2 Differences between Chinese and Western Civilizations
2．2．1 River civilization vs， sea civilization
2．2．2 Agricultural civilization vs． trading civilization
2．2．3 'Family state' vs． city state
2．3 Origin and Development of Civilizations
2．4 Summary
2．5 Questions and Activities
Chapter 3 Comparing Religious Beliefs
3．1 Major Chinese and Western Religions
3．1．1 Chinese religions
3．1．2 Western religions
3．2 Differences between Western and Chinese Religious Beliefs
3．2．1 Monotheistic vs． polytheistic
3．2．2 Salvation vs， a carefree life
3．2．3 Religion vs． politics
3．3 Summary
3．4 Questions and Activities
Chapter 4 Comparing Values and Social Codes
4．1 Historical Influence and Values Shaping
4．1．1 Religious reformation and individual freedom
4．1．2 Self-reliance and the rugged individualists
4．1．3 Equality of opportunity and competition
4．1．4 Hard work and material wealth
4．1．5 Development of feudalism and loyalty
4．1．6 Filial piety and collectivism
4．1．7 Hierarchical structure and social relationship
4．2 Social Codes and Behaviors
4．2．1 Friendship
4．2．2 Social relationship
4．3 Summary
4．4 Questions for Discussion
Chapter 5 Languages and Thinking Patterns
5．1 Language and Language Families
5．2 Differences between English and Chinese
5．2．1 Tone vs． stress and one syllable character vs． multi-syllable word
5．2．2 Inflectional vs． non-inflectional at the morphological （word） level
5．2．3 Synthetic vs． isolated in terms of word construction
5．2．4 Subject-prominent vs． topic-prominent in terms of syntactic structure
5．2．5 Hypotactic （form-focused） vs． paratactic （meaning-focused）
5．2．6 Hierarchical vs． linear structure
5．2．7 Low-context vs． high-context
5．2．8 Alphabetical vs． ideographic
5．3 Thinking and Thinking Patterns
5．3．1 Analytical vs． holistic
5．3．2 Deductive vs． inductive thinking
5．3．3 Linear vs． dialectical
5．3．4 Abstract vs． imagery
5．4 The Relationship between Language and Thought
5．5 Summary
5．6 Questions and Activities
Chapter 6 Comparing Education： An Anti-essentialist Perspective
6．1 Key Concepts： 'Teachers'， Learning Styles and Learning Strategies
6．2 Differences between Western and Chinese Educational Practices
6．2．1 Goals of education
6．2．2 Teachers and teaching methods
6．2．3 Learners and learning strategies
6．2．4 Teacher-student relationship
6．3 Differences between Western and Chinese Educational Practices： An Anti-essentialist Perspective
6．3．1 Goals of Education
6．3．2 Teachers and teaching methods
6．3．3 Learning styles and learning strategies
6．3．4 Teacher/students Relationships
6．4 Further Discussion
6．5 Summary
6．6 Questions and Activities
Chapter 7 Comparing Cultures through Visual Arts
7．1 Cross-cultural Communication between Two Painters
7．2 The Beginning of Visual Art
7．2．1 Cultural background
7．2．2 Cave or rock paintings in Europe and China
7．2．3 Sculpture in Europe and China
7．2．4 Summary
7．3 Divergence between China and Europe in Visual Art
7．3．1 Visual art in Bronze Age
7．3．2 Visual art in ancient Greece and Zhou Dynasty
7．3．3 Visual art in ancient Rome and Qin-Han Dynasties
7．4 Distinctive styles of Chinese and Western Visual Arts
7．4．1 Visual art in Medieval Europe and China
7．4．2 Visual art in 16-17th century Europe and China
7．5 Beyond the Differences
7．6 Cross-cultural Perspective and Modern Painting
7．7 Questions for Discussion
Chapter 8 Comparing Cultures through Poetry
8．1 Comparison of Two Love Poems
8．2 Poetry in Different Cultures
8．2．1 What is poetry?
8．2．2 The sound of poetry
8．2．3 The sight of poetry
8．2．4 The 'soul' of poetry
8．3 Sonnet and Ci： A Comparison
8．3．1 The development of sonnet
8．3．2 The development of Ci
8．3．3 Summary
8．4 Cross-cultural Perspective and Modern Poetry
8．5 Questions for Discussion
Chapter 9 Comparing Cultures through Music
9．1 Music and Popular Music
9．2 Brief History of Music
9．3 Essential Appeals of Music
9．4 Significance of Traditional Folk Music
9．5 Mnemonic Devices in Folk Songs of Both Cultures
9．5．1 Narrative aspects
9．5．2 Rhetorical aspects
9．5．3 Song forms
9．6 Summary
9．7 Questions and Activities