普通语言学基础

　　《普通语言学基础》主要是为英语专业本科高年级“普通语言学导论”课程编写的。为了更适合该课程教学中的特点和学生的实际水平，《普通语言学基础》要点突出，文字简洁，在内容、篇幅、举例等方面都具有鲜明的特点。《普通语言学基础》为本科生普通语言学课程提供了新的可选择的教材，同时由于其较强的可读性，也完全可以作为一本普通语言学的普及读物，为那些喜欢语言学知识或初学语言学的一般读者使用。

　　马壮寰，北京第二外国语学院英语学院教授，硕士生导师，英语学术带头人，长期担任普通语言学等课程的教学工作，并从事或涉猎普通语言学、语言符号学、应用语言学及英语演讲等研究。曾于《当代语言学》等学术刊物发表过若干学术论文，著有《索绪尔语言理论要点评析》、《语言研究论稿》、《演讲英语》、《功能英语》等。多次获得学院科研一等奖，并荣获北京第二外国语学院优秀导师、教学名师等称号。2004年被评为北京市优秀教师。现担任“普通语言学导论”北京市级精品课程建设项目。

Chapter 1 An Overview of Language and Linguistics
1.1 What Is General Linguistics？
1.1.1 Defining Linguistics
1.1.2 Principles of Linguistic Science
1.1.3 A Natural Science or a Social Science？
1.1.4 What Is Meant by \General\？
1.1.5 Some Basic Distinctions in Linguistics
1.1.6 What Is the Use of Linguistics？
1.2 What Is Language？
1.2.1 Defining Language
1.2.2 Design Features of Language
1.2.3 Functions of Language
Chapter 2 Phonetics
2.1 Aim of Phonetics
2.2 Different Types of Phonetics
2.3 Vocal Organs
2.4 Two Major Types of Speech Sounds
2.4.1 Consonants
2.4.2 Vowels
2.4.3 Cardinal Vowel System
Chapter 3 Phonology
3.1 Aim of Phonology
3.2 Phonemes and Allophones
3.3 Minimal Pair
3.4 Three Criteria for Grouping Phones into Phonemes
3.4.1 Free Variation
3.4.2 Complementary Distribution
3.4.3 Phonetic Similarity
3.5 Distinctive Features and Natural Classes
3.6 Phonological Processes
3.6.1 Co-articulation Effects
3.6.2 Elision
3.6.3 Assimilation
3.7 Phonological Rules of English
3.7.1 Nasalization
3.7.2 Nasal Assimilation
3.7.3 Aspiration Rule
3.7.4 Rule Ordering
3.8 Syllable and Stress
Chapter 4 Morphology
4.1 Aim of Morphology
4.2 Word and Morpheme
4.2.1 What Is a Word？
4.2.2 Classifications of Words
4.2.3 What Is a Morpheme？
4.3 Morpheme and Allomorph
4.3.1 Phonetically Conditioned Allomorphs
4.3.2 Lexically or Grammatically Conditioned Allomorphs
4.4 Relation between Morpheme and Phoneme
4.5 Word Formation
4.5.1 Compound
4.5.2 Derivation
Chapter 5 Syntax
5.1 What Is Syntax？
5.2 The Traditional Grammar
5.2.1 The History of the Traditional Grammar
5.2.2 Syntactic Elements and Their Defining Properties
5.2.3 Syntactic Relations Between Words
5.2.4 The Ways Words are Organized Into Sentences
5.3 The Structural Grammar
5.3.1 Saussure and His Linguistic Theory
5.3.2 American Structuralist Linguistics
5.4 The Generative Linguistics
5.4.1 Chomsky and Generative Linguistics:What \Generative\ Means
5.4.2 Five Stages of Generative Linguistics
5.4.3 The Classical Theory (1957——1965)
5.4.4 The Standard Theory (1965——1972)
5.4.5 The Extended Standard Theory Model(1972——1981)
5.4. 6 The Government and Binding Theory Model(1981——1993)
5.4.7 The Minimalist Program Model(1993——)
Chapter 6 Semantics
6.1 An Overview of Semantics
6.1.1 Aim of Semantics
6.1.2 Semantics at Different Levels
6.1.3 Difficulty of Semantics
6.2 Some Semantic Theories
6.2.1 Referential Theory
6.2.2 Mentalist Theory
6.2.3 \Use\ Theory
6.3 Classification of Meaning
6.3.1 Seven Types of Meaning Proposed by Leech
6.3.2 Sense, Reference, and Denotation
6.4 Sense Relations
6.4.1 Synonymy
6.4.2 Antonymy
6.4.3 Hyponymy
6.5 Simple Logic and Semantics
6.5.1 Simplified Form of Predicate Calculi
6.5.2 Simple Propositional Logic
6.6 Ambiguity
Chapter 7 Pragmaties
7.1 Defining Pragmatics
7.2 Pragmatics. Past and Present
7.2.1 Focus on Change: Three Stages of Development
7.2.2 Tasks in Hand: Two Components of Pragmatics
7.3 Critical Concepts and Theories in Pragmatics
7.3.1 Between Semantics and Pragmatics
7.3.2 Beyond Semantics
7.4 Pragmatics in Development
7.4.1 Relevance Theory
7.4.2 Horn's Bipartite System and Levinson's Tripartite System
Chapter 8 Language and Society
8.1 The Relatedness between Language and Society
8.1.1 Possible Relations between Language and Society
8.1.2 Socioliuguistics
8.2 Variable, Variant and Variation
8.3 Regional Dialect and Its Semantic Extension
8.4 Language Use and Social Factors
8.4.1 Sociolect
8.4.2 Genderleet
8.4.3 Agelect
8.4.4 Ethnic Dialect
8.5 Language Change
8.5.1 Language Change in Progress
8.5.2 Forms of Language Change
Chapter 9 Language, Culture and Thought
9.1 The Relations between Language, Culture and Thought
9.1.1 Language and Culture
9.1.2 Language and Thought
9.1.3 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
9.2 Some Cultural Items
9.2.1 Politeness and Cross-cultural Communication
9.2.2 Greetings
9.2.3 Taboo and Euphemism
9.2.4 Address Terms
Chapter 10 Language Acquisition
10.1 First Language Acquisition
10.1.1 Three Views on First Language Acquisition
10.1.2 Characteristics of First Language Acquisition
10.1.3 Stages of First Language Acquisition
10.2 Second Language Learning
10.2.1 First Language Acquisition versus Second Language Learning
10.2.2 Contrasts between First Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning
10.2.3 Stages of Second Language Learning
Appendix
Index