书籍详情
面向对象系统测试模型视图与工具
作者：（美国）宾德著
出版社：科学出版社
出版时间：2003-05-01
ISBN：9787030113993
定价：¥120.00
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内容简介
要实现高质量、高稳定性的面向对象软件系统，有效的测试技术是必不可少的。本书深入讲述了如何用状态机、组合逻辑和UML开发可测试的模型。通过对多种模式的介绍，可以让读者掌握如何设计测试套件、如何针对OO代码修改测试方法、如何测试可重用组件及框架，以及如何根据用况开发高效的测试套件。书中还提供了许多实际测试经验和面向对象测试领域的最新研究成果。与面向对象系统稳定性有关的开发及测试人员，皆可阅读此书。
作者简介
暂缺《面向对象系统测试模型视图与工具》作者简介
目录
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Procedures
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I Preliminaries
Chapter 1 A Small Challenge
Chapter 2 How to Use This Book
2.1 Reader Guidance
2.2 conventions
2.2.1 Chapter Elements
2.2.2 Degree of difficulty
2.2.3 Standards
2.2.4 Object-oriented Terminology
2.2.5 Programming Languages and Code Examples
2.2.6 Testing Tools
2.2.7 Humility Department,or Bug Reports Cheerfully Accepted
2.3 FAQs for Object-oriented Testing
2.3.1 Why Test Objects?
2.3.2 Test Design
2.3.3 Test Design for Methods and Classes
2.3.4 Testing for Reuse
2.3.5 Test Design for subsystems and Application Systems
2.3.6 Integration Testing and Order of Development
2.3.7 Regression Testing and Iterative,Incremental Development
2.3.8 Testing with UML Models
2.3.9 Test Automation
2.4 Test Process
Chapter 3 Testing:A Brief Introduction
3.1 What Is Software Testing?
3.2 Definitions
3.3 The Limits of Testing
3.3.1 The Input/State Space
3.3.2 Execution Squences
3.3.3 Fault Sensitivity and Coincidental Correctness
3.3.4 Absolute Limitations
3.4 What Can Testing Accomplish?
3.5 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 4 With the Necessary Changes:Testing and Object-oriented Software
4.1 The Dismal science of Software Testing
4.1.1 I'm Okay,You're Okay,Objecrts Are Okay
4.1.2 The Role of a Fault Model
4.1.3 Fault Models for Object-oriented Programming
4.2 Side Effects of the Paradigm
4.2.1 What Goes Wrong?
4.2.2 Encapsulation
4.2.3 Inheritance
Incorrect Initialization and Forgotten Methods
Testing Axioms
Inheritance Structure
Multiple Inheritance
Abstract and Generic Classes
4.2.4 Polymorphism
Dynamic Binding
The Yo-Yo Problem
4.2.5 Message Sequence and State-related Bugs
Message Sequence Model
Equivalent Sequences
Implications of Cooperative Design
Observability of State Faults
Nonspecific State Faults
4.2.6 Built-in Low-level Services
4.2.7 Bug Lists
4.3 Language-specific Hazards
4.3.1 C++
4.3.2 Java
4.3.3 Smalltalk
4.4 Coverage Models for Object-oriented Testing
4.4.1 Code coverage and Fault Models
Optimistic Scope
Method Scope Branch Coverage
Coverage for a Classless Language
ICpak Test Suite
Coverage Checklist
Incremental Class Testing
Class Interface Data Flow Coverage
Polymorphic Bindings
4.5 An OO Testing Manifesto
Unique Bug Hazards
Object-oriented Test Automation
Test Process
4.6 Bibliographic Notes
Part II Models
Chapter 5 Test Models
5.1 Test Design and Test Models
5.1.1 Why Testing Must Be Model-Based
5.1.2 What Is a Model?
5.1.3 The Role of Models in Testing
5.1.4 Cartoons or Test-ready Models?
5.1.5 Consequences
5.2 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 6 Combinational Models
6.1 How Combinational Models Support Testing
6.2 How to Develop a Decision Table
6.2.1 Basic Approach
6.2.2 Components and Structure
6.2.3 The Auto Insurance Renewal Model
6.2.4 Don't Care,Don't Know,Can't Happen
6.2.5 Decision Tables in OO Development
6.3 Deriving the Logic Function
6.3.1 Boolean Expressions
6.3.2 Truth Tables versus Decision Tables
6.3.3 Elements of Boolean Expressions
6.3.4 Karnaugh-Veitch Matrix
6.3.5 Cause-effect Graphs
6.4 Decision Table Validation
6.5 Test Generation
6.5.1 Fault Model
6.5.2 All-Explicit Variants
6.5.3 All-variants,All-True,All-False,All-Primes
6.5.4 Each-Condition/All-Conditions
6.5.5 Binary Decision Diagram Determinants
6.5.6 Variable Negation
6.5.7 Nonbinary Variable Domain Analysis
6.5.8 Aditional Heuristics
6.6 Choosing a Combinational Test Strategy
6.7 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 7 State Machines
7.1 Motivation
7.2 The Basic Model
7.2.1 What Is a State Machine?
7.2.2 State Transition Diagrams
7.2.3 Some Properties of Finite State Automata
7.2.4 Guarded Transitions
7.2.5 Mealy and Moore
7.2.6 State Transition Tables
7.2.7 Limitations of the Basic Model
7.2.8 Statecharts
7.2.9 State Machines and Object-oriented Development
7.3 The FREE Stat Model
7.3.1 Limitations of OOA/D Behavior Models
7.3.2 States
A Stat Is a Value Set
State Invariants
Scope and Granularity
No Hybrids Allowed
7.3.3 Transitions
7.3.4 Alpha and Omega States
7.3.5 Inheritance and Class Flattening
Flattening the Class Hierarchy
Expanding the Statechart
7.3.6 Unspecified Event/State Pairs
The Response Matrix
Designing Responses to Illegal Events
7.4 State-based Test Design
7.4.1 How State Machines Fail
Control Faults
Incorrect Composite Behavior
7.4.2 Developing a Testable Model
When and How
State Model Validation
7.4.3 The N+Test Strategy
The ThreePlayerGame Example
Generate the Round-trip Path Tree
Sneak Paths:Illegal Transitions and Evading the Guard
Event Path Sensitization
Built-in Test Support
Checking the Resultant State
7.4.4 Relative Power and Limitations
Piecewise
All Transitions
All n-Transition Sequences
All Round-trip Paths
M-Length Signature
7.4.5 Choosing a State-Based Test Strategy
7.5 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 8 Tester's Guide to the UML
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 The UML as a Test Model
8.1.2 Relational Testing Strategy
8.2 General-purpose Elements
8.2.1 Organization and Annotation
Package Diagrams and Packages
Keywords and Stereotypes
Expressions,Constraints,and Comments
Notes
Element Properties
8.2.2 Object Constraint Language
8.3 Use Case Diagram
8.3.1 Notation and Semantics
8.3.2 Generic Test Model
8.3.3 Testability Extensions
Operational Variables
The Operational Relation
8.4 Class Diagram
8.4.1 Notation and Semantics
Association
Aggregation
Generalization
8.4.2 Generic Test Model
8.5 Sequence Diagram
8.5.1 Notation and Semantics
8.5.2 Generic Test Requirements
8.5.3 Testability Extensions
8.6 Activity Diagram
8.6.1 Notation and Semantics
8.6.2 Generic Test Model
8.7 Statechart Diagram
8.8 Collaboration Diagram
8.8.1 Notation and Semantics
8.8.2 Generic Test Model
8.8.3 Testability Extensions
8.9 Component Diagram
8.9.1 Notation and Semantics
8.9.2 Generic Test Model
8.10 Deployment Diagram
8.10.1 Notation and Semantics
8.10.2 Generic Test Model
8.11 Graphs,Relations,and Testing
8.12 Bibliographic Notes
Part III Patterns
Chapter 9 Results-oriemted Test Strategy
9.1 Results-oriented Testing
9.1.1 The Role of Responsibility-based Test Design
Class Responsibilities
Why Test from Responsibility Models?
9.1.2 The Role of Implementation-based Test Design
9.1.3 Integration in Object-oriented Development
9.1.4 Harnessing Responsibility and Implementation
9.2 Test Design Patterns
9.2.1 What Is A Pattern?
9.2.2 Patterns and Testing
9.2.3 Test Design Pattern Template
Test Design Template
9.2.4 Test Patterns in This Book
9.2.5 Using Test Design Patterns
9.3 Documenting Test Cases,Suites,and Plans
9.3.1 IEEE 829 Documentation
9.3.2 Traceability
9.4 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 10 Classes
10.1 Class Test and Integration
10.1.1 What Is Class Scope Testing?
10.1.2 why Test at Class Scope?
10.1.3 Who and When
10.1.4 A Case Study:MPR Teltech
10.2 Preliminaries
10.2.1 Class Scope Integration
Small Pop
Alpha-Omega Cycle
10.2.2 Implementation-based Test Models
The Role of Code Coverage
A Code Coverage FAQ
Method Scope Code Coverage Models
The Class Flow Graph:A Class Scope Coverage Model
Once More with Feeling:The Dark Side of Code Coverage
10.2.3 Path Sensitization
10.2.4 Domain Testing Models
Domain Analysis
On,Off,In,and Out
Boundary Conditions with Two or More Variables
Modeling the Domain of Objects
The One-by-One Selection Criteria
The Domain Test Matrix
10.3 Method Scope Test Design Patterns
10.3.1 functional Cohesion
10.3.2 Method Scope Integration
10.3.3 The Patterns
Category-Partition
Combinational Function Test
Recursive Function Test
Polymorphic Message Test
10.4 Class Scope Test Design Patterns
10.4.1 Class Modalities
10.4.2 The Patterns
Invariant Boundaries
Nonmodal Class Test
Quasi-modal Class Test
Modal Class Test
10.5 Flattened Class Scope Test Design Patterns
10.5.1 The Trouble with Superclasses
Some Definitions
Inheritance-related Bugs
10.5.2 Test Strategy for Flattened Classes
Testing Axioms
Some Subclass Development Scenarios
Inheriting Class Test Suites
10.5.3 The Patterns
Polymorphic Server Test
Modal Hierarchy Test
10.6 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 11 Revsable Components
11.1 Testing and Reuse
11.1.1 Reuse Mechanisms
11.1.2 The Role of Testing in Reuse
11.1.3 Reusing Test Suites
11.2 Test Design Patterns
Abstract Class Test
Generic Class Test
New Framework Test
Popular Framework Test
11.3 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 12 Subsystems
12.1 Subsystems
12.1.1 What Is a Subsystem?
12.1.2 Why Test at Subsystem Scope?
12.2 Subsystem Test Design Patterns
Class Association Test
Round-trip Scenario Test
Controlled Exception Test
Mode Machine Test
12.3 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 13 Integration
13.1 Integration in Object-oriented Development
13.1.1 Definitions
13.1.2 Integration Testing Is Essential
13.1.3 Dependency Analysis
13.1.4 Integration Faults
13.2 Integration Patterns
13.2.1 Scope-specific Considerations
Classes
Clusters
Subsystem/System Scope
Big Bang Integration
Bottom-up Integration
Top-down Integration
Collaboration Integration
Backbone Integration
Layer Integration
Client/Server Integration
Distributed Services Integration
High-frequency Integration
13.3 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 14 Application Systems
14.1 Testing Application Systems
14.1.1 A Cautionary Tale
14.1.2 Testing Object-oriented Application Systems
14.1.3 Application System Test Strategy
14.2 Test Design Patterns
Extended Use Case Test
Covered in CRUD
Allocate Tests by Profile
14.3 Implementation-specific Capabilities
14.3.1 Configuration and Compatibility
14.3.2 Performance
14.3.3 Integrity and Fault Tolerance
Concurrency Teseting
Stress Testing
Restart/Recovery Testing
14.3.4 Human-Computer Interaction
14.4 Post-development Testing
14.5 Notes on Testing Performance Objectives
14.5.1 Batch Systems
14.5.2 Interactive System
14.5.3 Real-time Systems
14.6 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 15 Regression Testing
15.1 Preliminaries
15.1.1 What and Why
15.1.2 When and How
15.1.3 Regression Faults
15.1.4 Test Automation
15.1.5 Test Suite Maintenance
15.1.6 Considerations for Reducing a Test Suite
Safe Reduction
Unsafe Reduction
15.2 Test Patterns
Retest All
Retest Risky Use Cases
Retest by Profile
Retest Changed Code
Retest Within Firewall
15.3 Bibliographic Notes
Part IV Tools
Chapter 16 Test Automation
16.1 Why Testing Must Be Automated
16.2 Limitations and Caveats
Chapter 17 Assertions
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 What Are Assertions?
17.1.2 Why Use Assertions?
17.1.3 Who Uses Assertions?
A Million Lines of Built-in Test:OS/400
17.2 Implementation-based Assertions
17.2.1 Assumption Checkers
17.2.2 Dark Alleys,Lurking Faults,and Sniffers
17.3 Responsibility-based Assertions
17.3.1 Overview
17.3.2 Responsibilities,Contracts,and Subtypes
The Contract Metaphor
Assertions and the UML
Assertion Strength and Weakness
17.3.3 Method Scope
Preconditions
Loops
Postconditions
17.3.4 Class Scope
17.3.5 Sequential Constraints
State Invariant
Accepting and Resulting Conditions
Runtime Sequence Checking
17.3.6 Superclass/Subclass Scope
Subcontracts and Type Substitution
Buggy Inheritance
17.3.7 Client/Server Scope
Public and Private Contrcts
Defensive Contracts?
Exceptions
17.4 Implementation
17.4.1 A Programmer's Assertion FAQ
17.4.2 Assertion Actions
17.4.3 Nonexecutable Assertions
17.4.4 Ada 95
Assert Pragma
Inline Assertion Procedure
17.4.5 C++
assert.h Macro
Assert Template
The Coherence Idiom
Tips and Tricks
17.4.6 Eiffel
17.4.7 Java
Basic Checking Capabilities
Final Static/Short Circuit Idion
17.4.8 Objective-C
OpenStep Foundation Kit Assertion Macros
17.4.9 Smalltalk
Context Assertion Method
Design-by-Contract Extensions
The Percolation Pattern
17.5 Deployment
17.5.1 Verification of Built-in Test
17.5.2 Using Assertions to Design Tests
Unarticulared Contracts
Practical Considerations
Test Suite Reduction
17.5.3 Prerelease Considerations
17.5.4 Post-release Considerations
17.6 Limitations and Caveats
17.7 Some Assertion Tools
17.8 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 18 Orades
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Oracle Patterns
18.2.1 Introduction
Design Considerations
Choosing an Approach
Pattern Summary
18.2.2 Judging
18.2.3 Prespecification Oracles
Solved Example Oracle
Simulation Oracle
Approximation Oracle
Parametric Oracle
18.2.4 Gold Standard Oracles
Trusted System Oracle
Parallel Test Oracle
Regression Test Oracle
Voting Oracle
18.2.5 Organic Oracles
Smoke Test
Built-in Test Oracle
Built-in Check Oracle
Reversing Oracle
Executable Specification Oracle
Generated Implementation Oracle
Different But Equivalent Oracle
18.3 Comparators
18.3.1 Introduction
18.3.2 Determining Object Equality
18.3.3 Deep and Shallow Equality
18.3.4 Abstract Content Versus Concrete Content
18.3.5 Aliases
18.3.6 Collections
18.3.7 Type/Subtype Equality
18.3.8 Partial Equality Methods
18.4 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 19 Test Harness Design
19.1 How to Develop a Test Harness
19.1.1 Requirements
19.1.2 Architecture
19.2 Test Case Patterns
19.2.1 Considerations
Test Case/Test Suite Method
Test Case/Test Suite Class
Catch All Exceptions
19.3 Test Control Patterns
19.3.1 Considerations
Server Stub
Server Proxy
19.4 Driver Patterns
19.4.1 Considerations
Design Goals
Inheriting Test Suites
Controllability,Observability,and Reuse
19.4.2 Driver Design Patterns
TestDriver Superclass
Percolate the Object Under Test
symmetric Driver
Subclass Driver
Private Access Driver
Test Control Interface
Drone
Built-in Test Driver
19.5 Test Execution Patterns
Command Line Test Bundle
Incremental Testing Framework
Fresh Objects
19.6 A Test Implementation Syntax
19.7 Bibliographic Notes
Appendix BigFoot's Tootsie:A Case Study
Requirements
1.Effective Tester Interface
2.Automate Test Generation
3.Automate Test Setup and Execution
OOA/D for Capability-driven Testing
Implementation
Test Control Strategy
Some Test Automation Scenarios
Glossary
References
Index
List of Tables
List of Procedures
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I Preliminaries
Chapter 1 A Small Challenge
Chapter 2 How to Use This Book
2.1 Reader Guidance
2.2 conventions
2.2.1 Chapter Elements
2.2.2 Degree of difficulty
2.2.3 Standards
2.2.4 Object-oriented Terminology
2.2.5 Programming Languages and Code Examples
2.2.6 Testing Tools
2.2.7 Humility Department,or Bug Reports Cheerfully Accepted
2.3 FAQs for Object-oriented Testing
2.3.1 Why Test Objects?
2.3.2 Test Design
2.3.3 Test Design for Methods and Classes
2.3.4 Testing for Reuse
2.3.5 Test Design for subsystems and Application Systems
2.3.6 Integration Testing and Order of Development
2.3.7 Regression Testing and Iterative,Incremental Development
2.3.8 Testing with UML Models
2.3.9 Test Automation
2.4 Test Process
Chapter 3 Testing:A Brief Introduction
3.1 What Is Software Testing?
3.2 Definitions
3.3 The Limits of Testing
3.3.1 The Input/State Space
3.3.2 Execution Squences
3.3.3 Fault Sensitivity and Coincidental Correctness
3.3.4 Absolute Limitations
3.4 What Can Testing Accomplish?
3.5 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 4 With the Necessary Changes:Testing and Object-oriented Software
4.1 The Dismal science of Software Testing
4.1.1 I'm Okay,You're Okay,Objecrts Are Okay
4.1.2 The Role of a Fault Model
4.1.3 Fault Models for Object-oriented Programming
4.2 Side Effects of the Paradigm
4.2.1 What Goes Wrong?
4.2.2 Encapsulation
4.2.3 Inheritance
Incorrect Initialization and Forgotten Methods
Testing Axioms
Inheritance Structure
Multiple Inheritance
Abstract and Generic Classes
4.2.4 Polymorphism
Dynamic Binding
The Yo-Yo Problem
4.2.5 Message Sequence and State-related Bugs
Message Sequence Model
Equivalent Sequences
Implications of Cooperative Design
Observability of State Faults
Nonspecific State Faults
4.2.6 Built-in Low-level Services
4.2.7 Bug Lists
4.3 Language-specific Hazards
4.3.1 C++
4.3.2 Java
4.3.3 Smalltalk
4.4 Coverage Models for Object-oriented Testing
4.4.1 Code coverage and Fault Models
Optimistic Scope
Method Scope Branch Coverage
Coverage for a Classless Language
ICpak Test Suite
Coverage Checklist
Incremental Class Testing
Class Interface Data Flow Coverage
Polymorphic Bindings
4.5 An OO Testing Manifesto
Unique Bug Hazards
Object-oriented Test Automation
Test Process
4.6 Bibliographic Notes
Part II Models
Chapter 5 Test Models
5.1 Test Design and Test Models
5.1.1 Why Testing Must Be Model-Based
5.1.2 What Is a Model?
5.1.3 The Role of Models in Testing
5.1.4 Cartoons or Test-ready Models?
5.1.5 Consequences
5.2 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 6 Combinational Models
6.1 How Combinational Models Support Testing
6.2 How to Develop a Decision Table
6.2.1 Basic Approach
6.2.2 Components and Structure
6.2.3 The Auto Insurance Renewal Model
6.2.4 Don't Care,Don't Know,Can't Happen
6.2.5 Decision Tables in OO Development
6.3 Deriving the Logic Function
6.3.1 Boolean Expressions
6.3.2 Truth Tables versus Decision Tables
6.3.3 Elements of Boolean Expressions
6.3.4 Karnaugh-Veitch Matrix
6.3.5 Cause-effect Graphs
6.4 Decision Table Validation
6.5 Test Generation
6.5.1 Fault Model
6.5.2 All-Explicit Variants
6.5.3 All-variants,All-True,All-False,All-Primes
6.5.4 Each-Condition/All-Conditions
6.5.5 Binary Decision Diagram Determinants
6.5.6 Variable Negation
6.5.7 Nonbinary Variable Domain Analysis
6.5.8 Aditional Heuristics
6.6 Choosing a Combinational Test Strategy
6.7 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 7 State Machines
7.1 Motivation
7.2 The Basic Model
7.2.1 What Is a State Machine?
7.2.2 State Transition Diagrams
7.2.3 Some Properties of Finite State Automata
7.2.4 Guarded Transitions
7.2.5 Mealy and Moore
7.2.6 State Transition Tables
7.2.7 Limitations of the Basic Model
7.2.8 Statecharts
7.2.9 State Machines and Object-oriented Development
7.3 The FREE Stat Model
7.3.1 Limitations of OOA/D Behavior Models
7.3.2 States
A Stat Is a Value Set
State Invariants
Scope and Granularity
No Hybrids Allowed
7.3.3 Transitions
7.3.4 Alpha and Omega States
7.3.5 Inheritance and Class Flattening
Flattening the Class Hierarchy
Expanding the Statechart
7.3.6 Unspecified Event/State Pairs
The Response Matrix
Designing Responses to Illegal Events
7.4 State-based Test Design
7.4.1 How State Machines Fail
Control Faults
Incorrect Composite Behavior
7.4.2 Developing a Testable Model
When and How
State Model Validation
7.4.3 The N+Test Strategy
The ThreePlayerGame Example
Generate the Round-trip Path Tree
Sneak Paths:Illegal Transitions and Evading the Guard
Event Path Sensitization
Built-in Test Support
Checking the Resultant State
7.4.4 Relative Power and Limitations
Piecewise
All Transitions
All n-Transition Sequences
All Round-trip Paths
M-Length Signature
7.4.5 Choosing a State-Based Test Strategy
7.5 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 8 Tester's Guide to the UML
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 The UML as a Test Model
8.1.2 Relational Testing Strategy
8.2 General-purpose Elements
8.2.1 Organization and Annotation
Package Diagrams and Packages
Keywords and Stereotypes
Expressions,Constraints,and Comments
Notes
Element Properties
8.2.2 Object Constraint Language
8.3 Use Case Diagram
8.3.1 Notation and Semantics
8.3.2 Generic Test Model
8.3.3 Testability Extensions
Operational Variables
The Operational Relation
8.4 Class Diagram
8.4.1 Notation and Semantics
Association
Aggregation
Generalization
8.4.2 Generic Test Model
8.5 Sequence Diagram
8.5.1 Notation and Semantics
8.5.2 Generic Test Requirements
8.5.3 Testability Extensions
8.6 Activity Diagram
8.6.1 Notation and Semantics
8.6.2 Generic Test Model
8.7 Statechart Diagram
8.8 Collaboration Diagram
8.8.1 Notation and Semantics
8.8.2 Generic Test Model
8.8.3 Testability Extensions
8.9 Component Diagram
8.9.1 Notation and Semantics
8.9.2 Generic Test Model
8.10 Deployment Diagram
8.10.1 Notation and Semantics
8.10.2 Generic Test Model
8.11 Graphs,Relations,and Testing
8.12 Bibliographic Notes
Part III Patterns
Chapter 9 Results-oriemted Test Strategy
9.1 Results-oriented Testing
9.1.1 The Role of Responsibility-based Test Design
Class Responsibilities
Why Test from Responsibility Models?
9.1.2 The Role of Implementation-based Test Design
9.1.3 Integration in Object-oriented Development
9.1.4 Harnessing Responsibility and Implementation
9.2 Test Design Patterns
9.2.1 What Is A Pattern?
9.2.2 Patterns and Testing
9.2.3 Test Design Pattern Template
Test Design Template
9.2.4 Test Patterns in This Book
9.2.5 Using Test Design Patterns
9.3 Documenting Test Cases,Suites,and Plans
9.3.1 IEEE 829 Documentation
9.3.2 Traceability
9.4 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 10 Classes
10.1 Class Test and Integration
10.1.1 What Is Class Scope Testing?
10.1.2 why Test at Class Scope?
10.1.3 Who and When
10.1.4 A Case Study:MPR Teltech
10.2 Preliminaries
10.2.1 Class Scope Integration
Small Pop
Alpha-Omega Cycle
10.2.2 Implementation-based Test Models
The Role of Code Coverage
A Code Coverage FAQ
Method Scope Code Coverage Models
The Class Flow Graph:A Class Scope Coverage Model
Once More with Feeling:The Dark Side of Code Coverage
10.2.3 Path Sensitization
10.2.4 Domain Testing Models
Domain Analysis
On,Off,In,and Out
Boundary Conditions with Two or More Variables
Modeling the Domain of Objects
The One-by-One Selection Criteria
The Domain Test Matrix
10.3 Method Scope Test Design Patterns
10.3.1 functional Cohesion
10.3.2 Method Scope Integration
10.3.3 The Patterns
Category-Partition
Combinational Function Test
Recursive Function Test
Polymorphic Message Test
10.4 Class Scope Test Design Patterns
10.4.1 Class Modalities
10.4.2 The Patterns
Invariant Boundaries
Nonmodal Class Test
Quasi-modal Class Test
Modal Class Test
10.5 Flattened Class Scope Test Design Patterns
10.5.1 The Trouble with Superclasses
Some Definitions
Inheritance-related Bugs
10.5.2 Test Strategy for Flattened Classes
Testing Axioms
Some Subclass Development Scenarios
Inheriting Class Test Suites
10.5.3 The Patterns
Polymorphic Server Test
Modal Hierarchy Test
10.6 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 11 Revsable Components
11.1 Testing and Reuse
11.1.1 Reuse Mechanisms
11.1.2 The Role of Testing in Reuse
11.1.3 Reusing Test Suites
11.2 Test Design Patterns
Abstract Class Test
Generic Class Test
New Framework Test
Popular Framework Test
11.3 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 12 Subsystems
12.1 Subsystems
12.1.1 What Is a Subsystem?
12.1.2 Why Test at Subsystem Scope?
12.2 Subsystem Test Design Patterns
Class Association Test
Round-trip Scenario Test
Controlled Exception Test
Mode Machine Test
12.3 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 13 Integration
13.1 Integration in Object-oriented Development
13.1.1 Definitions
13.1.2 Integration Testing Is Essential
13.1.3 Dependency Analysis
13.1.4 Integration Faults
13.2 Integration Patterns
13.2.1 Scope-specific Considerations
Classes
Clusters
Subsystem/System Scope
Big Bang Integration
Bottom-up Integration
Top-down Integration
Collaboration Integration
Backbone Integration
Layer Integration
Client/Server Integration
Distributed Services Integration
High-frequency Integration
13.3 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 14 Application Systems
14.1 Testing Application Systems
14.1.1 A Cautionary Tale
14.1.2 Testing Object-oriented Application Systems
14.1.3 Application System Test Strategy
14.2 Test Design Patterns
Extended Use Case Test
Covered in CRUD
Allocate Tests by Profile
14.3 Implementation-specific Capabilities
14.3.1 Configuration and Compatibility
14.3.2 Performance
14.3.3 Integrity and Fault Tolerance
Concurrency Teseting
Stress Testing
Restart/Recovery Testing
14.3.4 Human-Computer Interaction
14.4 Post-development Testing
14.5 Notes on Testing Performance Objectives
14.5.1 Batch Systems
14.5.2 Interactive System
14.5.3 Real-time Systems
14.6 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 15 Regression Testing
15.1 Preliminaries
15.1.1 What and Why
15.1.2 When and How
15.1.3 Regression Faults
15.1.4 Test Automation
15.1.5 Test Suite Maintenance
15.1.6 Considerations for Reducing a Test Suite
Safe Reduction
Unsafe Reduction
15.2 Test Patterns
Retest All
Retest Risky Use Cases
Retest by Profile
Retest Changed Code
Retest Within Firewall
15.3 Bibliographic Notes
Part IV Tools
Chapter 16 Test Automation
16.1 Why Testing Must Be Automated
16.2 Limitations and Caveats
Chapter 17 Assertions
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 What Are Assertions?
17.1.2 Why Use Assertions?
17.1.3 Who Uses Assertions?
A Million Lines of Built-in Test:OS/400
17.2 Implementation-based Assertions
17.2.1 Assumption Checkers
17.2.2 Dark Alleys,Lurking Faults,and Sniffers
17.3 Responsibility-based Assertions
17.3.1 Overview
17.3.2 Responsibilities,Contracts,and Subtypes
The Contract Metaphor
Assertions and the UML
Assertion Strength and Weakness
17.3.3 Method Scope
Preconditions
Loops
Postconditions
17.3.4 Class Scope
17.3.5 Sequential Constraints
State Invariant
Accepting and Resulting Conditions
Runtime Sequence Checking
17.3.6 Superclass/Subclass Scope
Subcontracts and Type Substitution
Buggy Inheritance
17.3.7 Client/Server Scope
Public and Private Contrcts
Defensive Contracts?
Exceptions
17.4 Implementation
17.4.1 A Programmer's Assertion FAQ
17.4.2 Assertion Actions
17.4.3 Nonexecutable Assertions
17.4.4 Ada 95
Assert Pragma
Inline Assertion Procedure
17.4.5 C++
assert.h Macro
Assert Template
The Coherence Idiom
Tips and Tricks
17.4.6 Eiffel
17.4.7 Java
Basic Checking Capabilities
Final Static/Short Circuit Idion
17.4.8 Objective-C
OpenStep Foundation Kit Assertion Macros
17.4.9 Smalltalk
Context Assertion Method
Design-by-Contract Extensions
The Percolation Pattern
17.5 Deployment
17.5.1 Verification of Built-in Test
17.5.2 Using Assertions to Design Tests
Unarticulared Contracts
Practical Considerations
Test Suite Reduction
17.5.3 Prerelease Considerations
17.5.4 Post-release Considerations
17.6 Limitations and Caveats
17.7 Some Assertion Tools
17.8 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 18 Orades
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Oracle Patterns
18.2.1 Introduction
Design Considerations
Choosing an Approach
Pattern Summary
18.2.2 Judging
18.2.3 Prespecification Oracles
Solved Example Oracle
Simulation Oracle
Approximation Oracle
Parametric Oracle
18.2.4 Gold Standard Oracles
Trusted System Oracle
Parallel Test Oracle
Regression Test Oracle
Voting Oracle
18.2.5 Organic Oracles
Smoke Test
Built-in Test Oracle
Built-in Check Oracle
Reversing Oracle
Executable Specification Oracle
Generated Implementation Oracle
Different But Equivalent Oracle
18.3 Comparators
18.3.1 Introduction
18.3.2 Determining Object Equality
18.3.3 Deep and Shallow Equality
18.3.4 Abstract Content Versus Concrete Content
18.3.5 Aliases
18.3.6 Collections
18.3.7 Type/Subtype Equality
18.3.8 Partial Equality Methods
18.4 Bibliographic Notes
Chapter 19 Test Harness Design
19.1 How to Develop a Test Harness
19.1.1 Requirements
19.1.2 Architecture
19.2 Test Case Patterns
19.2.1 Considerations
Test Case/Test Suite Method
Test Case/Test Suite Class
Catch All Exceptions
19.3 Test Control Patterns
19.3.1 Considerations
Server Stub
Server Proxy
19.4 Driver Patterns
19.4.1 Considerations
Design Goals
Inheriting Test Suites
Controllability,Observability,and Reuse
19.4.2 Driver Design Patterns
TestDriver Superclass
Percolate the Object Under Test
symmetric Driver
Subclass Driver
Private Access Driver
Test Control Interface
Drone
Built-in Test Driver
19.5 Test Execution Patterns
Command Line Test Bundle
Incremental Testing Framework
Fresh Objects
19.6 A Test Implementation Syntax
19.7 Bibliographic Notes
Appendix BigFoot's Tootsie:A Case Study
Requirements
1.Effective Tester Interface
2.Automate Test Generation
3.Automate Test Setup and Execution
OOA/D for Capability-driven Testing
Implementation
Test Control Strategy
Some Test Automation Scenarios
Glossary
References
Index
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