系统分析与设计（英文版·第2版）

　　内容简介目录本书介绍了如何确定业务问题并为不同的组织环境设计解决方案。作者采用一对一的确定问题的方法讲解系统开发生命周期的基本原理，快速并清晰地揭示了成为一个系统分析员所需的技能和知识。.本书通过一个名为NOMAS的模拟项目，利用实践方法学习系统分析和设计。NOMAS项目有一个与之配套的多媒体网站，完整提供了一种典型的生命周期经验，随着项目的进展自动地为学生提供文档、备忘录和对主要项目相关人员的访问。这种方法已被6000多个学生试用过，结果表明减少了教师30%的课前准备工作量，并为学生提供了更丰富多彩的学习环境。... Chapter 1 The Systems Development Environment Chapter 2 So What is the Problem？ Chapter 3 Identification and Slelction of Development Projects Chapter 4 Systems Requirements Determination Chapter 5 Modeling the Processes and Logic Chapter 6 Modeling the Data： Conceptual and Logical Data Modeling Chapter 7 Case Tools and Joint and Rapid Application DevelopmentChapter 8 Moving from Analysis to Design Chapter 9 Designing Systems for Diverse EnvironmentsChapter 10 Designing the Files and Databases Chapter 11 Designing the System Output Chapter 12 Designing the Inputs and User Interface Chapter 13 Designing the Systems Internals Chapter 14 Implementing and Maintaining the System Appendix A Project Management： Process， Techniques， and Tools Appendix B Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

　　马拉卡斯，堪萨斯大学会计和信息系统系教授，拥有佛罗里达国际大学信息系统博士学位。他讲授系统分析和设计、技术辅助决策、电子商务、管理IS资源、行为IS研究方法、数据可视化和决策支持等课程，具有丰富的教学经验。此外，他还是系统分析方法、数据挖掘和可视化、概念数据建模等领域的活跃研究者。除本书外，他还著有《DecisionSupportinthe21stCentury》和《ModernDataWarehousing，Mining，andVisualization：CoreConcepts》等书。

Prefacevii
Acknowledgmentsxiii
Chapter1TheSystemsDevelopmentEnvironment1
Introduction.1
Definition2
SAD--aDisciplinedApproach3
Methodologies3
Tools4
Techniques4
ModemSAD4
ABitofHistory4
Process-Centricity6
Data-Centricity7
TheNeedforBalance7
SystemsAnalysisasaProfession8
CareersandJobOpportunities8
TypicalCareerPathsforSystemsAnalysts8
ProfessionalSocietiesandStandardsofPractice9
TheCurrentandFutureStateoftheIndustry11
TheRolesandResponsibilitiesinSystems
Development13
ClientandSystemUsers13
ISManagement13
SystemsAnalysts13
ApplicationProgrammers15
ISSupportPersonnel15
SkillSetforSystemsAnalysis16
TypesofInformationSystemsandSystems
Development18
TransactionProcessingSystems19
ManagementInformationSystems19
DecisionSupportandExpertSystems20
ExecutiveInformationSystems20
OfficeAutomationandWorkgroupManagement
Systems21
Web-BasedSystems21
TheSDLC22
Definition22
OverviewofPhasesandActivities22
DrawbackstotheSDLC24
AlternativeApproachestoDevelopment25
OOAD25
PAD25
ChapterSummary25
KeyTerminology26
QuestionsforReview29
ForFurtherDiscussion29
ACMCodeofEthicsandProfessionalBehavior30
SoftwareEngineeringCodeofEthicsandProfessionalPractice31
References31
RecommendedReading32
Chapter2SoWhatIstheProblem?33
Introduction33
ProblemsversusSymptoms34
ProblemsDefined34
SymptomsDefined35
ProblemRecognitionandDefinition36
CauseandEffect36
PIECESFramework37
ProblemStatement40
BoundedRationality40
TheConceptofSystems42
SystemClassifications43
LivinginanOpenandClosedWorld45
TheSubsystem--FunctionalDecomposition45
TheSDLC46
PreliminaryInvestigationPhase47
AnalysisPhase48
LogiculDesignPhase49
PhysicalDesignPhase49
ImplementationPhase50
MaintenancePhase50
SystemsDevelopmentPrinciples52
GettheUsersInvolved52
SystemsAnalysisIsProblemSolving52
ISsAreCapitalAssets53
GoodIdeasCanBecomeBadIdeas54
DocumentNow54
UsetheDivide-and-ConquerApproach54
ChapterSummary54
KeyTerminology55
QuestionsforReview57
ForFurtherDiscussion57
References58
RecommendedReading58
Chapter3IdentificationandSelectionofDevelopmentProjects59
Introduction59
TheGeometricTruthaboutSystemsDevelopmentProjects60
IdentifyingPotentialSystemsDevelopmentProjects60
EvaluatingProjectPotential61
ProjectSelection65
TheConceptofCreepingCommitment66
InformationSystemsPlanning66
TheCorporateISPlan68
ProjectInitiationandProjectPlanning68
PreliminaryProjectFeasibilityAnalysis68
TheBaselinePlan71
TheRoleoftheSteeringCommittee72
TheProjectFlowModel73
"What"versus"How"74
ChapterSummary75
KeyTerminology75
QuestionsforReview77
ForFurtherDiscussion77
References78
RecommendedReading78
Chapter4SystemRequirementsDetermination79
Introduction79
DevelopinganAnalysisStrategy79
TheThreeTypesofSystemRequirements80
TheThree"I's"ofRequirementsDetermination81
Impertinence81
Impartiality81
Insight81
TheFourCommonMistakesinRequirementsDetermination82
AssumingaFunctionalSystem82
CollectingRequirementsfromEachEndUserinsteadofAllEndUsers83
AskingtheWrongQuestions83
FailingtoAllowRefinementthroughTrialandError84
RequirementsDeterminationDeliverables84
GoodRequirementCharacteristics85
RequirementsDeterminationMethods87
TraditionalMethodsforRequirementsDetermination87
DirectInterview87
QuestionnairesandSurveys91
DirectObservation99
ArchivalDocumentAnalysisandExternalResearch101
ModemMethodsforRequirementsDetermination105
JAD105
IterativePrototyping106
ChapterSummary107
KeyTerminology108
QuestionsforReview112
ForFurtherDiscussion113
References114
RecommendedReading114
Chapter5ModelingtheProcessesandLogic115
Introduction115
LogicalProcessModeling115
The"What"versusthe"How"116
TheDFD117
DFDComponents118
DFDHierarchy120
Context-LevelDiagram121
Level-0DFD121
Level-1throughLevel-nDFD122
DFDsversusFlowcharts123
TheRulesofDFDConstruction126
DFD"Gotchas"andTrapstoAvoid126
AnalyzingandUsingtheDFD128
ModelingProcessLogic129
LogicModelingIsLogicalbut...129
StructuredEnglish129
TheDecisionTable130
TheDecisionTree132
TheState-TransitionDiagram135
WhenDoIUseWhat?136
ChapterSummary138
KeyTerminology138
QuestionsforReview140
ForFurtherDiscussion141
References142
RecommendedReading143
Chapter6ModelingtheData:ConceptualandLogicalDataModeling144
ObjectivesofDataModeling144
ConceptualversusLogical--What'stheDifference?145
TheERD146
Entities146
Attributes148
KeyAttribute148
MultivaluedAttributes149
Relationships149
CardinalityandOptionality150
RelationshipDegree150
AssociativeEntities153
InterpretingandUnderstandingtheERD154
WhatData?154
LogicalDataModeling156
CharacteristicsofaGoodDataModel156
TheRelationalDataModel156
DataNormalization158
TheConceptofFunctionalDependency158
FirstNormalForm158
SecondNormalForm159
ThirdNormalForm160
Denormalization162
TheFullyNormalizedERD163
ChapterSummary164
KeyTerminology165
QuestionsforReview167
ForFurtherDiscussion168
References169
RecommendedReading169
Chapter7CASEToolsandJointandRapidApplicationDevelopment170
Introduction170
CASETools171
TheEvolutionandHistoryofCASETools171
WhyBotherwithCASE?171
TheObjectivesofCASE173
TheGoodNewsandtheBadNewsaboutCASE174
TheComponentsandFunctionsofModernCASETools176
TheConceptofIntegration183
TheFutureofCASE184
JADandRAD186
JAD186
RAD189
ChapterSummary194
KeyTerminology194
QuestionsforReview196
ForFurtherDiscussion197
References197
RecommendedReading197
Chapter8MovingfromAnalysistoDesign198
Introduction198
SelectionoftheDesignStrategy199
GeneratingAlternativeDesignStrategies199
DoNothing200
ExploreAllPossibleNonautomatedSolutions201
Software:BuyversusMake202
HardwareDesignStrategyIssues206
From"What"to"How"206
TheFeasibleSolution206
Facts,Faith,andFear207
TheDimensionsofSystemFeasibility208
TechnicalFeasibility208
OperationaIFeasibility209
Human-FactorsFeasibility210
LegalandPoliticalFeasibility211
EconomicFeasibility212
RiskAssessment221
ChapterSummary..223
KeyTermioology223
QuestionsforReview226
ForFurtherDiscussion226
References227
RecommendedReading227
Chapter9DesigningSystemsforDiverseEnvironments228
Introduction229
TypicalIsNotSoTypicalAnymore229
TheDistributedIS230
TheDrivetoDistribute230
TheProsandConsofDistributedComputing231
TypesofDistribution232
ConnectivityDiagramming233
BasicConnectionTopologies234
ManagingtheDistributedData237
DataReplication238
DataPartitioning239
DesigningforDistributedSystems240
Separation242
Diversity242
FederalismandConcurrency243
DesigningforSpecializedDomainsandEnvironments243
DesigningforCollaboration243
IndividualWorkaswellasCollaboration243
Mutuallntelligibility244
Simultaneous,Fine-GranularityAccess244
CollaborativeWearableComputers245
DesigningforEnterpriseResourcePlanning246
HowDoesERPWork?247
ImplementingERPSystems247
COTSversusBest-in-ClassERP248
DesigningforIntranets249
EffectiveDesign251
VirtualWorkgroups251
IntranetDesignMyths252
DesigningforDataWarehouses253
Stores,Warehouses,andMarts253
DataWarehouseArchitecture254
DWTypology256
ImplementingtheDW257
ChapterSummary259
KeyTerminology259
QuestionsforReview263
ForFurtherDiscussion263
References263
RecommendedReading264
Chapter10DesigningtheFilesandDatabases265
Introduction265
FileandDatabaseDesign266
DesigningandSpecifyingFields266
FieldTypes266
DataTypes267
FieldRepresentation267
CalculatedFieldValues268
DataIntegrity269
DesigningandSpecifyingPhysicalRecords272
Variable-LengthandFixed-LengthRecords272
PagingandBlocking274
DesigningandSpecifyingFiles275
FileAccessMethods276
OrganizationTechniques277
FileVolumetrics278
DesigningDatabases280
DatabaseArchitectures280
ChapterSummary282
KeyTerminology283
QuestionsforReview285
ForFurtherDiscussion286
References287
Chapter11DesigningtheSystemOutput288
Introduction288
TheProcessofDesigningSystemOutput289
TheCharacteristicsofSystemOutput289
Purpose289
Recipient290
Frequency290
Distribution290
DataSources290
Media291
Format291
Controls293
TypesofOutput294
ExternalOutput294
InternalOutput295
MediaTypeandOutputTechnology295
HardCopy297
ScreenOutput297
AudioandVideoOutput297
COMOutput299
RoboticOutput299
OutputBiasIssues300
RangeandValueLimits300
SortingandSequenceBias301
GraphicalBias301
BackupandRecovery302
DataBackupandRetentionStrategies302
ChapterSummary304
KeyTerminology304
QuestionsforReview306
ForFurtherDiscussion306
References307
RecommendedReading307
Chapter12DesigningtheInputsandUserInterface308
Introduction308
UserInteractionMethods309
CommandDialogue309
Menus309
IconsandButtons311
lnputScreensandForms311
VoiceRecognition311
CommonInputDevices314
BiometriclnputDevices314
OpticalInputDevices315
SmartCards317
GuidelinesforInputandInterfaceDesign318
HCIMetaphors319
DataEntryIssues321
UserFeedback323
DialogueDesign325
UsabilityAssessment326
DesigningInputControls327
DataControls328
AccessControls330
ChapterSummary331
KeyTerminology331
QuestionsforReview334
ForFurtherDiscussion334
References335
RecommendedReading335
Chapter13DesigningtheSystemInternals336
Introduction336
MakingItAllWork337
PrinciplesofGoodInternalDesign337
$ystemFactoring337
ModuleSpan338
ModuleCohesion338
ModuleCoupling341
HierarchicalStructureDiagrams342
DFDsversusStructureCharts342
DerivingtheHierarchicalStructureDiagram345
AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofHierarchicalStructureDiagrams349
ChapterSummary351
KeyTerminology351
QuestionsforReview353
ForFurtherDiscussion354
References355
RecommendedReading355
Chapter14ImplemenfingandMaintainingtheSystem356
Introduction356
WhatIsSystemImplementation?357
ApplicationTesting357
CodeInspection358
StructuredWalk-Through358
TheDeskCheck358
ModuleTesting360
IntegrationTesting360
SystemTesting363
UserAcceptanceTesting364
SystemInstallation365
Conversion365
Documentation368
UserTrainingandSupport372
PostimplementationActivities373
ChangeRequests374
CategoriesofSystemsMaintenance374
SystemsMaintenanceCosts376
CostEstimationofDowntime377
ChapterSummary378
KeyTerminology378
QuestionsforReview381
ForFurtherDiscussion382
References382
RecommendedReading382
Appendixes
AppendixAProjectManagement:Process,Techniques,andTools383
Introduction383
PrioritizationandProjects384
WhatIsaProject?385
TheFivePhasesoftheProjectManagementProcess385
Initiating/Defining385
Planning387
Executing389
Controlling389
Closing391
ProjectManagementTechniques:IdentifyingandDocumentingProjectActivities391
WBSIdentifyingTasks391
SimplePrecedenceNetworkDiagram392
PERT/CPM393
GanttChart394
ProjectManagementTools:AutomatingProjectManagement396
WhatToolsCanDo397
WhatToolsCannotDo397
FiveCommonMistakesinProjectManagement398
FailingtoCommunicate398
FailingtoCreateaRealisticPlan398
ProceedingwithoutProjectBuy-In398
AllowingScopeCreeptoEscalate398
ThrowingResourcesataProjectProblem398
EssentialsSkillsfortheProjectManager399
TimeManagement399
CommunicationSkills399
Conclusion399
AppendixSummary399
KeyTerminology400
QuestionsforReview401
ForFurtherDiscussion401
ProfessionalOrganizations401
TheProjectManagementInstitute(PMI)401
InternationalProjectManagementAssociation(IPMA)402
References402
ProjectManagement-RelatedWebSites402
RecommendedReading402
AppendixBObject-OrientedAnalysisandDesign404
Introduction404
TheConceptsofObjectOrientation405
Objects406
Class408
ObjectsversusClasses409
HierarchicalInheritance410
Messages411
TheUnifiedModelingLanguage412
Use-CaseModel414
ClassDiagram416
StatechartDiagram419
InteractionDiagram421
ImplementationDiagram422
AdvantagesandDisadvantagesoftheObject-OrientedApproach424
AppendixSummary424
KeyTerminology425
References427
ReconunendedReading427
Index...429