朗文新编英语语法

目录
诊断测试 1
1 Present tenses 现在时态
1.1 PRESENT SIMPLE 一般现在时 37
1.2 PRESENT CONTINUOUS 现在进行时 38
1.3 VERBS RARELY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS 极少用于进行时的动词 40
2 Past tenses 过去时态
2.1 PAST SIMPLE 一般过去时 47
2.2 PAST CONTINUOUS 过去进行时 48
2.3 PAST PERFECT 过去完成时 50
2.4 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS 过去完成进行时 51
2.5 USED TO/WOULD 52
3 Past to present tenses 过去—现在时态
3.1 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE 现在完成时（一般形式） 58
3.2 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE—DIFFERENCES 现在完成时与
一般过去时的区别 62
3.3 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 现在完成进行时 62
3.4 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS—DIFFERENCES
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别 64
小结：1~3 单元 70
4 The future 将来（一）
4.1 PREDICTION 预见 72
4.2 DECISIONS AND INTENTIONS 决定和意图 74
4.3 ARRANGEMENTS 安排 75
4.4 OTHER FUTURE MEANINGS 其他将来概念 76
5 The future 将来（二）
5.1 EXPRESSIONS WITH FUTURE MEANING 将来概念的表达 82
5.2 VERBS WITH FUTURE MEANING 具有将来含义的动词 84
5.3 FUTURE IN THE PAST 过去将来 85
小结：4~5 单元 90
6 Negation 否定
6.1 NEGATIVE STATEMENTS 否定陈述句 92
6.2 NEGATIVE QUESTIONS 否定疑问句 95
6.3 WORDS WHICH CARRY NEGATIVE MEANING 含否定意义的词语 97
7 Questions 疑问句
7.1 CLOSED AND OPEN QUESTIONS 封闭疑问句和开放疑问句 104
7.2 TAG QUESTIONS 附加疑问句 107
7.3 INDIRECT QUESTIONS 间接疑问句 109
7.4 ECHO QUESTIONS 回声疑问句 110
8 Passives, causatives and get 被动态、使役式和 get
8.1 PASSIVE FORMS 被动态的形式 116
8.2 PASSIVE -ING FORMS AND INFINITIVES -ing 形式和不定式的被动态 119
8.3 HAVE/GET + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE have/get + 宾语 + 过去分词 120
8.4 USE OF THE PASSIVE 被动态用法 121
9 Reported speech 转述引语
9.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH 直接引语和间接引语 128
9.2 INDIRECT STATEMENTS 间接陈述句 128
9.3 INDIRECT [REPORTED] QUESTIONS 间接（转述）疑问句 132
9.4 INDIRECT COMMANDS AND REQUESTS 间接命令和请求 133
9.5 REPORTING VERBS AND THEIR PATTERNS 转述动词及其句型 133
10 Conditionals 条件句
10.1 GENERAL POINTS ON CONDITIONALS 条件句概述 140
10.2 ZERO CONDITIONAL 零类条件句 141
10.3 FIRST CONDITIONAL 一类条件句 141
10.4 SECOND CONDITIONAL 二类条件句 143
10.5 THIRD CONDITIONAL 三类条件句 145
10.6 MIXED CONDITIONALS 混合条件句 146
10.7 ALTERNATIVES TO IF if 的替换表达 146
11 The subjunctive and ‘unreal’ uses of past forms
虚拟式和过去时态的“非真实”用法
11.1 THE SUBJUNCTIVE 虚拟式 154
11.2 THE ‘UNREAL’ PAST“非真实”过去 155
11.3 WISH/IF ONLY 158
小结：10~11 单元 165
12 -ing forms and infinitives -ing 形式和不定式
12.1 -ING FORMS -ing 形式 167
12.2 INFINITIVES 不定式 168
12.3 VERBS FOLLOWED BY –ING FORMS AND INFINITIVES 动词后跟 -ing 形式和不定式 170
13 Participle and infinitive phrases 分词短语和不定式短语
13.1 PARTICIPLE PHRASES—FORM AND USE 分词短语——形式和用法 179
13.2 TYPES OF PARTICIPLE PHRASE 分词短语的类型 180
13.3 INFINITIVE PHRASES—FORM AND USE 不定式短语——形式和用法 182
13.4 TYPES OF INFINITIVE PHRASE 不定式短语的类型 183
13.5 USES IN DISCOURSE 语篇中的用法 184
14 Multi-word verbs 多词动词
14.1 FORM AND USE 形式和用法 189
14.2 PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 190
14.3 PREPOSITIONAL VERBS 介词动词 191
14.4 PHRASAL-PREPOSITIONAL VERBS 短语介词动词 192
14.5 WORD LIST: COMMON MULTI-WORD VERBS 词表：常用多词动词 193
15 Dependent prepositions 依存介词
15.1 GENERAL RULES 一般规则 199
15.2 VERB + PREPOSITION PATTERNS 动词 + 介词的搭配 200
15.3 NOUN + PREPOSITION 名词 + 介词 202
15.4 ADJECTIVE/PARTICIPLE + PREPOSITION 形容词 / 分词 + 介词 203
15.5 WORD LIST: DEPENDENT PREPOSITION PATTERNS 词表：依存介词的搭配 204
16 Modal verb 情态动词（一）
can, could, may, might, be able to
16.1 ABILITY 能力 211
16.2 POSSIBILITY, DEDUCTION AND SPECULATION 可能、推断和推测 213
16.3 ARRANGEMENTS, SUGGESTIONS, OFFERS, ETC. 安排、建议、意愿等 216
16.4 ASKING FOR AND GIVING/REFUSING PERMISSION 请求、准予或拒绝许可 217
17 Modal verb 情态动词（二）
must, should, ought to, have to, need to
17.1 OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY 义务和必须 222
17.2 PROHIBITION AND CRITICISM 禁止和批评 225
17.3 ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION OR NECESSITY 无义务或非必须 226
17.4 RECOMMENDATION AND ADVICE 推荐和建议 227
17.5 LOGICAL DEDUCTION AND PROBABILITY 逻辑推断和概率 228
18 Modal verbs 情态动词（三）will, would, shall
18.1 PREDICTION AND CERTAINTY 预见和确信 234
18.2 CHARACTERISTICS, HABITS, AND ROUTINES 特性、习惯和常规 235
18.3 WILLINGNESS AND REFUSAL 愿意和拒绝 237
18.4 OTHER USES OF WILL/SHALL/WOULD will/shall/would 的其他用法 238
18.5 HYPOTHETICAL WOULD would 表示假设 240
小结：16~18 单元 246
19 Auxiliaries, have (got), do 助动词、have (got)、do
19.1 AUXILIARY VERBS 助动词 250
19.2 EMPHASIS 强调 252
19.3 HAVE AND DO have 和 do 253
19.4 have got 255
20 Confusing verbs 易混动词
20.1 FALSE SYNONYMS 假同义词 261
20.2 OPPOSITE PAIRS 反义动词 266
21 Adjectives 形容词
21.1 ADJECTIVE PATTERNS 形容词类型 272
21.2 PARTICIPLE (-ING OR -ED) ADJECTIVES 分词形容词 275
21.3 GROUPS OF ADJECTIVES 形容词组合 276
22 Comparison 比较
22.1 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES 形容词比较级和高级 282
22.2 ADJECTIVES WITH AS, SO, TOO, ENOUGH AND SUCH
与 as、so、too、enough 和 such 连用的形容词 285
22.3 OTHER TYPES OF COMPARISON 其他类型的比较 287
23 Gradable and adjectives 等级形容词和非等级形容词
23.1 MODIFYING GRADABEL ADJECTIVES 修饰等级形容词 293
23.2 MODIFYING UNGRADABLE ADJECTIVES 修饰非等级形容词 295
23.3 MODIFYING ADJECTIVES IN INFORMAL ENGLISH 修饰非正式英语中的形容词 296
23.4 COMMON ADVERB + ADJECTIVE COLLOCATIONS 副词 + 形容词的常用搭配 297
24 Adverbs 副词
24.1 FORM 形式 303
24.2 USE 用法 304
24.3 POSITION OF ADVERBS IN SENTENCES 副词在句中的位置 305
24.4 SENTENCE ADVERBS 句副词 307
25 Nouns and noun phrases 名词和名词短语
25.1 BASIC POINTS 基本要点 313
25.2 SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS 单数名词和复数名词 313
25.3 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 可数名词和不可数名词 314
25.4 AGREEMENT 主谓一致 316
25.5 NOMINALISATION 名词化 318
26 Possessives and compound nouns 属格和复合名词
26.1 FORM AND MEANING 形式和意义 324
26.2 THE GENITIVE (’S) OR OF STRUCTURE ’s 所有格和 of 结构 325
26.3 SPECIFYING OR CLASSIFYING POSSESSIVES AND COMPOUND NOUNS
限定属格、分类属格以及复合名词 328
27 Pronouns 代词
27.1 PERSONAL PRONOUNS 人称代词 334
27.2 REFLEXIVE AND RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS 反身代词和相互代词 337
27.3 ‘IMPERSONAL’ PRONOUNS“无人称”代词 339
27.4 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS 不定代词和不定副词 340
28 Determiners 限定词
28.1 ARTICLES 冠词 346
28.2 DEMONSTRATIVES 指示词 349
28.3 QUANTIFIERS 数量词 350
29 Prepositions 介词
29.1 INTRODUCTION 简介 358
29.2 MEANING AND USE 意义和用法 358
29.3 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES 介词短语 366
30 Word order and verb patterns 语序和动词搭配
30.1 WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH 英语的语序 372
30.2 VERB PATTERNS 动词搭配 373
30.3 LINKING CLAUSES 分句的连接 377
31 Relative clauses 关系分句
31.1 RELATIVE CLAUSES 关系分句 384
31.2 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS 关系代词和关系副词 387
32 Contrast 对比
32.1 CONJUNCTIONS OF CONTRAST 对比连词 394
32.2 PREPOSITIONS OF CONTRAST 对比介词 396
32.3 ADVERBS OF CONTRAST 对比副词 397
33 Introductory there and it 引导词 there 和 it
33.1 INTRODUCTORY THERE 引导词 there 402
33.2 INTRODUCTORY/IMPERSONAL IT 引导词和“无人称”代词 it 404
34 Emphatic structures and inversion 强调结构和倒装
34.1 CLEFT SENTENCES 分裂句 412
34.2 FRONTING 前置 415
34.3 INVERSION 倒装 417
35 Aspects of cohesion 衔接要点
35.1 TYPES OF TEXT REFERENCE 篇章照应类型 424
35.2 SUBSTITUTION 替换 425
35.3 ELLIPSIS 省略 429
36 Features of discourse 语篇特征
36.1 ORDERING INFORMATION 信息排序 436
36.2 DISCOURSE DEVICES 语篇手段 439
诊断测试参考答案 446
单元练习参考答案 456