生理心理学原理 Principles of Physiological Psychology（导读注释版）

　　本书为德国生理学家、心理学家威廉·冯特的代表作，以铁钦纳的英译本为底本，包括德文原版《生理心理学原理》卷的“引论”和正文部分“心理生活的人体基质”。本书主要探讨了以下六方面的问题：“心理功能的有机进化”、“神经系统的结构元素”、“神经物质的生理机制”、“中枢器官的形态学发育”、“神经传导通路的进程”、“中枢部分的生理功能”。可见，本书的绝大部分内容并非严格的心理学，而是和心理学家相关的实验方法和手段，如：精细和粗糙的解剖、神经组织的胚胎发育和生理机能、以及对这两者进行特定的和比较的研究等等。冯特在有限的篇幅中对以上这些主题做了一个整体的回顾，并区分了感觉和情感这两种基本类型的心理元素，通过自创的理论对“特定神经能量定律”进行了讨论。

　　威廉·冯特，德国生理学家、心理学家、哲学家，被公认为是实验心理学之父。他于1879年在莱比锡大学创立世界上个专门研究心理学的实验室，这被认为是心理学成为一门独立学科的标志。他学识渊博，著述甚丰，一生作品达540余篇，研究领域涉及哲学、心理学、生理学、物理学、逻辑学、语言学、伦理学、宗教等。主要著作有《对感官知觉理论的贡献》《关于人类和动物心灵的讲演录》《生理心理学原理》《心理学大纲》《语言史与语言心理学》《民族心理学》。

导 读
— 001 —
Author’s Preface to the First Edition
— 003 —
Author’s Preface to the Fifth Edition
— 007 —
Translator’s Preface
— 010 —
INTRODUCTION
— 013 —
§1. The Problem of Physiological Psychology
— 013 —
§2. Survey of the Subject
— 031 —
§3. Prepsychological Concepts
— 039 —
Part I
The Bodily Substrate of the Mental Life
— 056 —
CHAPTER I
The Organic Evolution of Mental Function
— 056 —
§1. The Criteria of Mind and the Range of the Mental Life
— 056 —
§2. The Differentiation of Mental Functions and of their Physical Substrate
— 065 —
CHAPTER II
Structural Elements of the Nervous System
— 074 —
§1. Morphological Elements
— 074 —
(a) The Nerve-Cells
— 075 —
(b) The Nerve-Fibres
— 081 —
(c) Peripheral Nerve Terminations
— 085 —
(d) The Neurone Theory
— 087 —
§2. Chemical Constituents
— 097 —
CHAPTER III
Physiological Mechanics of Nerve-Substance
— 101 —
§1. General Principles and Problems of a Mechanics of Innervation
— 101 —
(a) Methods of a Mechanics of Innervation
— 101 —
(b) The Principle of the Conservation of Work
— 105 —
(c) Application of the Principle of the Conservation of Work to the Vital Processes and the Nervous System
— 114 —
§2. The Course of the Processes of Stimulation in the Nerve-Fibre
— 117 —
(a) Course of the Muscular Contraction following Stimulation of the Motor Nerve
— 117 —
(b) Excitatory and Inhibitory Processes in Nerve-Stimulation
— 121 —
(c) After-effects of Stimulation: Practice and Fatigue
— 129 —
(d) Stimulation of Nerve by the Galvanic Current
— 134 —
§3. Theory of Nervous Excitation
— 137 —
§4. Influence of the Central Parts upon the Processes of Excitation
— 145 —
(a) Course of the Reflex Excitation
— 145 —
(b) Enhancement of Reflex Excitability
— 149 —
(c) Inhibitions of Reflexes by Interference of Stimuli
— 153 —
(d) Chronic Effects of Excitation and Inhibition: Positive and Negative Tonus
— 156 —
§5. Theory of Central Innervation
— 158 —
(a) General Theory of the Molecular Processes in the Nerve-Cell
— 158 —
004
(b) Relation of Nervous to Psychical Processes
— 168 —
CHAPTER IV
Morphological Development of the Central Organs
— 172 —
§1. General Survey
— 172 —
(a) Object of the Following Exposition
— 172 —
(b) The Neural Tube and the Three Main Divisions of the Brain
— 175 —
(c) The Brain Ventricles and the Differentiation of the Parts of the Brain
— 179 —
§2. The Myel in the Higher Vertebrates
— 187 —
§3. The Oblongata
— 193 —
§4. The Cerebellum
— 197 —
§5. The Mesencephalon
— 200 —
§6. The Diencephalon
— 203 —
§7. The Prosencephalon
— 205 —
(a) The Brain Cavities and the Surrounding Parts
— 205 —
(b) Fornix and Commissural System
— 214 —
005
(c) The Development of the Outward Conformation of the Brain
— 222 —
CHAPTER V
Course of the Paths of Nervous Conduction
— 242 —
§1. General Conditions of Conduction
— 242 —
§2. Methods of Investigating the Conduction-Paths
— 245 —
§3. Conduction in the Nerves and in the Myel
— 251 —
(a) Origin and Distribution of the Nerves
— 251 —
(b) Physiology of the Conduction-Paths of the Myel
— 256 —
(c) Anatomical Results
— 262 —
§4. Paths of Conduction in Oblongata and Cerebellum
— 267 —
(a) General Characteristics of these Paths
— 267 —
(b) Continuations of the Motor and Sensory Paths
— 269 —
(c) The Regions of Origin of the Cranial Nerves and the Nidi of Cinerea in the Oblongata
— 272 —
(d) Paths of Conduction in Pons and Cerebellum
— 275 —
5. Cerebral Ganglia and Conduction Paths of the Higher Sensory Nerves
— 283 —
006
(a) The Cerebral Ganglia
— 283 —
(b) Conduction Paths of the Nerves of Taste and Smell
— 285 —
(c) Conduction Paths of the Acoustic Nerve
— 290 —
(d) Conduction Paths of the Optic Nerve
— 294 —
6. Paths of Motor and Sensory Conduction to the Cerebral Cortex
— 301 —
(a) General Methods for the Demonstration of the Cortical Centres
— 301 —
(b) Motor and Sensory Cortical Centres in the Brain of the Dog
— 306 —
(c) Motor and Sensory Cortical Areas in the Monkey
— 313 —
(d) Motor and Sensory Cortical Centres in Man
— 323 —
§7. Association Systems of the Cerebral Cortex
— 337 —
§8. Structure of the Cerebral Cortex
— 345 —
§9. General Principles of the Processes of Central Conduction
— 354 —
(a) The Principle of Manifold Representation
— 354 —
(b) Principle of the Ascending Complication of Conduction Paths
— 356
(c) The Principle of the Differentiation of Directions of Conduction
— 358 —
(d) The Principle of the Central Colligation of Remote Functional Areas. Theory of Decussations
— 360 —
CHAPTER VI
The Physiological Function of the Central Parts
— 378 —
§1. Methods of Functional Analysis
— 378 —
§2. Reflex Functions
— 380 —
(a) Spinal Reflexes
— 380 —
(b) Metencephalic (Oblongata) and Mesencephalic Reflexes
— 383 —
(c) Purposiveness of the Reflexes. Extent of Reflex Phenomena
— 392 —
§3. Automatic Excitations
— 396 —
(a) Automatic Excitations in Myel and Oblongata
— 396 —
(b) Automatic Excitations in the Brain Cortex
— 401 —
§4. Functions of the Mesencephalon and Diencephalon
— 404 —
(a) Functions of the Mesencephalon and Diencephalon in the Lower Vertebrates
— 404 —
(b) Functions of the Mesencephalon and Diencephalon in Man
— 422 —
008
(c) Striatum and Lenticula
— 424 —
§5. Functions of the Cerebellum
— 425 —
§6. Functions of the Cerebral Hemispheres
— 441 —
(a) Phenomena of Abrogation after Partial Destruction of the Prosencephalon
— 441 —
(b) Phenomena of Abrogation after Total Loss of the Cerebral Hemispheres
— 445 —
(c) Results from Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology
— 447 —
(d) The Hypotheses of Localisation and their Opponents. The Old and the New Phrenologies
— 450 —
§7. Illustrations of the Psychophysical Analysis of Complex Cerebral Functions
— 470 —
(a) The Visual Centres
— 470 —
(b) The Speech Centres
— 476 —
(c) The Apperception Centre