中国风俗发展简史

　　陶立璠先生是中央民族大学民俗学资深教授，国家非物质文化遗产保护专家委员会委员、中国民间文化遗产抢救工程专家委员会委员，《中国民间文学大系》出版工程学术委员会顾问，靠前亚细亚民俗学会会长，中国民俗学会顾问，《中国谚语集成》副主编。其在民族民间文学、民俗学以及非遗保护领域辛勤耕耘、忘我付出的学术结晶《陶立璠民俗学文存》，包括《民俗学（修订本）》《民族民间文艺学》《中国风俗发展简史》《民间文学与民俗学论集》《非物质文化遗产保护论集》《田野民俗采风录》6本著作。 文存之一《中国风俗发展简史》是作者多年教学实践的总结，按照传统的历史分期，借助大量的图片和古代文献资料，对我国历目前各个历史时期——史前时期、先秦时期、秦汉时期、魏晋南北朝时期、隋唐五代时期、宋辽金西夏时期、元朝时期、明朝时期、清朝时期的风俗做一个史的梳理，对中国风俗文化发展史做一个整体的介绍，使读者了解风俗产生的时代人文特色和风俗文化形成、发展的背景。

　　陶立璠，1938年出生。甘肃兰州市永登县人。1965年毕业于北京师范大学中文系。中央民族大学民俗学资深教授，国家非物质文化保护专家委员会委员，中国民间文化抢救工作专家委员会委员。靠前亚细亚民俗学会会长，中国民俗学会顾问，《中国民间文学大系》出版工程学术委员会顾问。创建“中国民俗网”并担任主持。一生从事民族民间文学、民俗学理论研究和教学。主要著作有《民族民间文学基础理论》（1985）、《民俗学概论》（1987）、《神秘新奇的世界——民族民俗审美谈》（1997）等。主编《中国民俗大系》（31卷本，2005，甘肃人民出版社）。《民俗学概论》被翻译成日文和韩国文出版。与他人合作出版民俗学和民间文学著作20多种，发表论文200余篇。

一章 史前时期的风俗文化·························································001 节 风俗文化概述·······························································001 第二节 生产习俗·····································································004 第三节 居住习俗·····································································007一、穴居习俗·······································································008 二、巢居与干栏式房屋···························································009 三、原始聚落的形成······························································011 第四节 饮食习俗·····································································012一、火的发现与饮食习俗的形成···············································012 二、炊具的发明和使用···························································014 三、饮食结构和食物种类························································015 第五节 服饰习俗·····································································019一、服饰的功能和起源···························································019 二、服饰样式的形成和发展·····················································020 三、原始信仰与服饰······························································023 第六节 社会组织与婚姻····························································024一、血缘家庭公社的形成和发展···············································024 二 、母系氏族社会的社会组织与婚姻·········································027 三、父系氏族社会的社会组织与婚姻·········································036 第七节 丧葬习俗·····································································044一、母系氏族社会的丧葬习俗··················································045 二、父系氏族社会的丧葬习俗··················································046 第八节 信仰习俗·····································································048 一、自然崇拜·······································································050二、土地崇拜·······································································051 三、图腾崇拜·······································································052 四、祖先崇拜·······································································053 第二章 先秦时期的风俗文化·························································055节 风俗文化概述·······························································055 第二节 生产习俗·····································································058 一、农耕文化与历法的产生·····················································058 二、农事活动与耕作技术························································059三、都市形成与手工业商业发展···············································060 第三节 居住习俗·····································································063 一、《考工记》与先秦建筑·······················································064 二、高台建筑特色·································································064第四节 饮食习俗·····································································065 一、饮食品类的变化······························································066 二、烹饪技术的进步······························································067 三、酒文化与饮食器具···························································068四、饮食与礼仪观念······························································070 五、饮食与养生····································································072 第五节 服饰习俗·····································································073 一、服饰文化的礼制化···························································073二、“胡服骑射”与着装习俗····················································076 第六节 人生仪礼·····································································078 一、冠礼与笄礼····································································079 二、婚姻制度与婚礼要义························································080三、完备的丧葬制度与仪礼·····················································083 第七节 节日习俗·····································································087 一、节日习俗的萌芽与发展·····················································087 二、腊祭与节日习俗······························································090第八节 信仰习俗·····································································093 一、巫术与甲骨占卜······························································094 二、傩祭与傩仪····································································095 第三章 秦汉时期的风俗文化·························································099节 风俗文化概述·······························································099 第二节 生产习俗·····································································102 第三节 居住习俗·····································································105 一、宅地的选择与民居建筑·····················································106二、秦汉时期的建筑技术························································107 三、建筑的信仰与禁忌···························································109 四、秦汉时期的建筑特点························································111 第四节 饮食习俗·····································································111一、秦汉时期的饮食资源························································111 二、食物的制作····································································114 三、饮食器具·······································································116 四、饮食习俗与风尚······························································117第五节 服饰习俗·····································································119 一、秦汉时期的常服······························································120 二、秦汉时期的冠服······························································121 三、少数民族服饰·································································125第六节 人生仪礼·····································································127 一、生育习俗·······································································127 二、成年礼与婚姻·································································128 三、丧葬习俗·······································································132第七节 节令习俗·····································································135 一、除夕与元旦····································································135 二、元宵节··········································································138 三、上巳节··········································································139四、寒食节、清明节······························································139 五、端午节··········································································141 六、七夕·············································································143 七、重阳节··········································································144第八节 信仰习俗·····································································145 第四章 魏晋南北朝时期的风俗文化················································148 节 风俗文化概述·······························································148 第二节 门阀制度与门阀士风······················································153一、门阀制度·······································································154 二、门阀士风·······································································156 第三节 生产习俗·····································································158 一、屯田与均田····································································159二、坞壁与坞壁经济······························································159 三、籍田制度下的农业生产·····················································160 第四节 居住习俗·····································································163 一、士族庄园的兴建······························································164二、民居建筑与家具陈设························································166 第五节 饮食习俗·····································································167 一、丰富的饮食原料······························································167 二、烹调技艺的完善······························································168第六节 服饰习俗·····································································172 一、多彩的服饰习俗 ·····························································172 二、对时尚服饰的追求···························································174 第七节 婚姻与家庭··································································178一、门第与士庶婚姻······························································178 二、门阀制度下的婚姻状况·····················································180 第八节 丧葬习俗·····································································181 一、丧葬观念的变化······························································182二、厚葬与薄葬观念的实践·····················································183 三、丧葬仪礼·······································································185 第九节 节日习俗·····································································188 一、节日习俗的特点······························································188二、丰富多彩的节日习俗························································190 第十节 信仰习俗·····································································196 一、道教信仰·······································································196 二、佛教信仰·······································································198三、其他信仰习俗·································································200 第五章 隋唐五代时期的风俗文化···················································201 节 风俗文化概述·······························································201 一、隋唐时期的科举、行卷之风···············································201二、隋唐门阀与侈靡之风························································203 三、隋唐各地风俗·································································206 四、五代风俗·······································································209 五、段成式与《酉阳杂俎》·······················································210第二节 生产习俗·····································································213 一、水利设施与农具改进························································214 二、农时占卜与灾害预防························································216 三、农耕文化与游牧文化的交融···············································218四、手工业繁荣发展······························································218 第三节 居住习俗·····································································220 一、恢宏的唐代建筑······························································220 二、宅第建设的禁限制度························································224第四节 饮食习俗·····································································226 一、花样翻新的饼食制作························································226 二、种类繁多的菜肴食品························································228 三、陆羽的《茶经》与茶文化··················································230第五节 服饰习俗·····································································232 一、羃离与帷帽····································································232 二、幞头与纱帽····································································233 三、半臂与裙装····································································235四、袍服·············································································237 五、妇女妆饰·······································································238 六、鞋与靴··········································································240 第六节 婚姻习俗·····································································241一、婚姻制度·······································································241 二、婚礼仪式的变革······························································243 第七节 丧葬习俗·····································································244 一、厚葬与丧葬制度的改革·····················································244二、归葬与丧葬习俗······························································246 第八节 节日习俗·····································································247 一、除夕、元旦····································································248 二、元宵节··········································································251三、清明、寒食节·································································252 四、佛诞节··········································································253 五、端午、七夕、中秋、重阳等节············································253 六、千秋节··········································································254第九节 信仰习俗·····································································255 第六章 宋辽西夏金时期的风俗文化················································258 节 风俗文化概述·······························································258 第二节 生产习俗·····································································264一、重农思想与田园诗···························································264 二、茶与桑蚕习俗·································································267 第三节 居住习俗·····································································270 一、等级制度与建筑特色························································271二、《营造法式》规范建筑·······················································272 三、宅第建筑与风水观···························································273 第四节 饮食习俗·····································································274 一、南北饮食习俗的融合························································274二、茶与茶道·······································································276 第五节 服饰习俗·····································································278 一、素雅新颖的妇女服饰························································279 二、男子冠戴·······································································281第六节 婚姻习俗·····································································282 一、婚姻价值的变化······························································282 二、婚礼仪程的繁缛······························································284 第七节 丧葬习俗·····································································286一、孝莫大于执丧·································································286 二、厚葬与火葬····································································287 三、风水与葬俗····································································289 第八节 节日习俗·····································································291一、元旦·············································································292 二、元宵节··········································································294 三、寒食·············································································295 四、端午节··········································································296五、乞巧节··········································································297 六、中秋节··········································································297 七、重阳节··········································································298 八、交年与除夕····································································299第九节 信仰习俗·····································································301 第十节 宋代笔记小说对民俗学的贡献··········································306 第七章 元朝时期的风俗文化·························································312 节 风俗文化概述·······························································312第二节 生产习俗·····································································315 一、官田、民田和屯田···························································316 二、《农桑辑要》与王祯《农书》···············································316 三、马政制度与牧业经济························································318四、黄道婆的纺织技术···························································319 第三节 居住习俗·····································································320 一、元上都与元大都······························································320 二、穹庐与四合院建筑···························································322第四节 饮食习俗·····································································324 一、忽思慧的《饮膳正要》与卫生营养学···································324 二、蒙古饮食与“诈马宴”·······················································325 第五节 服饰习俗·····································································327一、蒙古族服饰罟罟冠···························································328 二、质孙服与蒙古族男子服饰··················································330 第六节 婚姻习俗·····································································331 一、婚姻制度·······································································332二、婚姻必立婚书·································································333 三、部落外婚与《婚礼歌》·······················································334 第七节 丧葬习俗·····································································337 一、土葬、火葬与烧埋···························································337二、游牧民族的丧葬······························································338 第八节 节日习俗·····································································340 一、元旦朝贺·······································································341 二、元宵节·······················