犹太文明：文本与传统

　　犹太文明向来以文本为中心，文本不仅构成各种思想与实践的共同背景，还为犹太身份认同提供了稳定内核，从而赋予犹太文明一种一以贯之的连续性。本书精选了过去两千五百年的犹太文本并详加注释，既突出了拉比文献对于理解犹太文明的重要性，又关注非西方地区的犹太文本和历史上被边缘化的犹太声音，并把能否体现犹太人与非犹太人的互动作为选取文本的一个标准。对于具有英语基础的读者而言，本书是一部直观了解犹太文明核心特征和基本表述方式的通识读本。

　　宋立宏 南京大学哲学宗教学系、犹太和以色列研究所教授。主要从事犹太文明、中犹关系研究，已出版专著、编著多部，包括《犹太流散中的表征与认同》（2018）、The Image of Jews in Contemporary China （2016）和《罗马与耶路撒冷》 （2015）。另主编“犹太文丛”（浙江人民出版社）。

导言/Introduction 001

1IN THE BEGINNING001
1.1Genesis 1:12:4001
1.2On “In the Beginning” (Gen. 1:1)004
1.2.1Proverbs 8:2231004
1.2.2Genesis Rabbah, 1:1005
1.2.32 Maccabees 7:28006
1.2.4Dead Sea Scrolls. The Community Rule 1QS 3:1516; 11:11,
1718006
1.2.5John 1:13007
1.3Genesis Rabbah, 1:10. Creation with the Hebrew Letter Beth007
1.4Philo, On the Creation 31. On the Light of the First Day008
1.5On “Let Us Make Man” (Gen. 1:26)009
1.5.1Philo, On the Confusion of Tongues 179009
1.5.2Genesis Rabbah 8:8009
1.6Nahmanides on “Let Us Make Man in Our Image, After Our
Likeness” (Gen. 1:26)010
1.7Mystical Interpretations on the Creation011
1.7.1The Zohar, Introduction 1:3b. A Mystical Interpretation on
BeReshit011
1.7.2Isaac Luria on the Creation013
1.7.3A Hasidic Interpretation on BeReshit015
1.8Robert Gordis on “Fill the Earth and Master It” (Gen. 1:28)016
1.9Louis Ginzberg, Creation and the Hebrew Alphabet (1909)017
1.10Sabbath Liturgy019
1.10.1The Kiddush for Sabbath Evening019
1.10.2The Havdalah Service for the End of Sabbath020
1.11Abraham Joshua Heschel, The Sabbath (1951)021
1.12Dan Pagis, Testimony022
1.13Shlomo Carlebach on Singing Creation into Being023

2ADAM, EVE AND LILITH024
2.1Genesis 2:43:24024
2.2On “The Dust of the Earth” (Gen. 2:7)029
2.2.1Philo, On the Creation, 137029
2.2.2Rashi029
2.3Leviticus Rabbah 8:1. God as MarriageMaker030
2.4Avot deRabbi Nathan, Chapter 1. On the “Fence for the Torah”
031
2.5Pirkei deRabbi Eliezer 14. The Sin of Adam and Eve032
2.6Alphabet of Ben Sira. Lilith, Adams First Wife034
2.7Shelomo Almoli, Dream Interpretations035
2.7.1Serpent035
2.7.2Woman036
2.7.3Nakedness037
2.7.4The Dead038
2.8Judith Plaskow, “Our Story: The Coming of Lilith ”(1972)039

3“AM I MY BROTHERS KEEPER?”: THE IMAGES OF CAIN043
3.1Genesis 4:126043
3.2Targum PseudoJonathan to Genesis 4046
3.3Genesis Rabbah, 22:1213. On the Mark and the Repentance of
Cain049

3.4Augustine, Contra Faustum Manichaeum Ⅻ, 913. A Christian
Typological Interpretation of Cain and Abel (400 CE)050
3.5Louis Ginzberg, The Jewish Legends on Cain (1909)054
3.6Dan Pagis, Autobiography060
3.7Dan Pagis, Written in Pencil in the Sealed RailwayCar061

4THE TEST OF ABRAHAM: AKEDAH062
4.1Genesis 22:119062
4.2Targum PseudoJonathan to Genesis 22:119064
4.3Genesis Rabbah on Akedah067
4.3.1Genesis Rabbah 55:7. On “Take...Thy Son”067
4.3.2Genesis Rabbah 56:4. Samael versus Abraham067
4.3.3Genesis Rabbah 56:8. Isaac Afraid068
4.3.4Genesis Rabbah 56:9. Akedah and ShofarBlowing070
4.3.5Genesis Rabbah 55:2. The Lord Tries the Righteous071
4.4Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin 89b. On Akedah071
4.5Pirkei deRabbi Eliezer, 31. The Death and Resurrection of Isaac
073
4.6Rashi on Gen. 22:12.073
4.7Moses Maimonides, The Guide of the Perplexed. Ⅲ. 24. On Akedah
074
4.8Amir Gilboa, Isaac080
4.9Hayyim Gouri, Heritage081

5YAVAN IN THE TENTS OF SHEM: JEWS AMIDST GREEKS AND ROMANS082
5.1Philo, On the Creation, 6971. On Mans Creation after the
Image of God082
5.2Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 1:222236. On Akedah084
5.3Jewish Inscriptions in Greek 089
5.3.1A Warning Inscription of the Second Temple (Jerusalem;
First century CE)089
5.3.2The Theodotos Synagogue Inscription (Jerusalem; probably
before 70 CE)089
5.3.3An Inscription Concerning Jews and Godfearers (Aphrodisias
in Caria, West Turkey; Third Century CE ［?］)090
5.3.4A Jewish Poetical Epitaph (Beth She‘arim; Third Century
CE)094
5.4Rabbinic Views on Images095
5.4.1Mishnah, Avodah Zarah, 3:4. Aphrodite in the Bathhouse
095
5.4.2Mishnah, Avodah Zarah, 3:1. Forbidden Images096
5.4.3Mishnah, Avodah Zarah, 3:3. Images Forbidden096
5.4.4Jerusalem Talmud, Avodah Zarah, 3:3, 42d. Images Permitted
097
5.5Jerusalem Talmud, Bava Metzia, 2:5, 8c. On Alexander the Great
097
5.6Jerusalem Talmud, Sabbath, 1:3, 3c. On Social Accommodation
098

6THE WORLD OF THE RABBIS100
6.1Babylonian Talmud, Gittin 56ab. Yohanan ben Zakkais Escape
from Jerusalem and Relocation in Yavneh100
6.2Mishnah, Avot, 1. The Chain of Oral Transmission from Sinai
102
6.3Babylonian Talmud, Menahoth, 29b. Moses Returns as a Yeshiva
Boy108
6.4Babylonian Talmud, Sabbath, 31a. Torah on One Leg109
6.5Tosefta, Eduyot 1:4. Preserving Minority Opinion109
6.6Babylonian Talmud, Bava Metzia, 59a59b. Torah Is Not in
Heaven110
6.7Babylonian Talmud, Berakhot 62a. The Pursuit of Torah113
6.8Rabbinic Views on Women113
6.8.1Jerusalem Talmud, Sotah, 4:4113
6.8.2Jerusalem Talmud, Sotah, 3:16113
6.9Tosefta Hagiga 2:34. Four Entered the Pardes114
6.10Tosefta Hullin, 2:24. Rabbis and Christians115
6.11Maimonides, Commentary on the Mishnah. The Thirteen Principles
of Faith116
6.12Maimonides, Introduction to the Mishneh Torah. On the History
of the Oral Torah and Its Transmission127

7THE JEWISH LAWS131
7.1Exodus 20:118. The Decalogue131
7.2Eye for Eye, or Monetary Compensation134
7.2.1Exodus 21:2227134
7.2.2Mishnah, Bava Kamma, 8:1134
7.2.3Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Mishpatim 8 (Exod. 21:2325)
135
7.2.4Babylonian Talmud, Bava Kamma, 86a137
7.3Maimonides, Laws of the Study of Torah138
7.4Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Book 7, Chapter 10:119. Laws
Concerning Gifts to the Poor152
7.5Shulhan Arukh 156
7.5.1Yoreh De‘ah: Laws about Converts156
7.5.2Eben haEzer: Laws of Propagation157
7.5.3Hoshen Mishpat 26:14. Prohibition Against Resorting to
NonJewish Courts158
7.6The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, May
14, 1948160
7.7The Law of Return (1950/1954/1970)164

8ETHICAL LITERATURE167
8.1Mishnah, Avot. Miscellaneous Moral Maxims167
8.2Shmuel Hanagid, A Gift from the Battlefield (1046)174

8.3Bahya ibn Pakuda, On Asceticism, Its Kinds and Advantages
(Sefer Hovot haLevavot)175
8.4Maimonides, The Fourth Chapter of Eight Chapters. On Medical
Treatment for the Diseases of the Soul178
8.5Eleazar of Worms, On Hasidic Piety188
8.6Moses Sofer, An Ethical Will (1836)188
8.7Israel Salanter, The Struggle of the Moral Person (1881)189

9THE JEWISH LITURGY191
9.1The Shema191
Deuteronomy 6:49191
Deuteronomy 11:1321191
Numbers 15:3741192
9.2The Amidah (Shemoneh Esreh or Eighteen Benedictions)192
9.3Aleinu196
9.4The Mourners Kaddish197
9.5Passover Liturgy. Selections from Passover Haggadah198
The Introduction198
9.6Solomon Ibn Gabirol, “At Dawn I Come to You”206
9.7Solomon Alkabetz, “Lekhah Dodi (Come, My Beloved)”206

10THE YOKE OF THE TORAH209
10.1Ecclesiastes (Kohelet) 12:12 209
10.2A Greek Inscription Found at the Amphiareion, Oropus in
Attica (300250 BCE). A Jew Undertaking Incubation in a
Pagan Temple209
10.3Babylonian Talmud, Hagiga 15ab. The Story of a Sinful
Master of Torah210
10.4From the Cairo Geniza. An Egyptian Woman Seeks to Rescue
Her Husband from a Sufi Monastery (c. 13551367)215
10.5Or HaMeir 5:42bc. A Hasidic Parable Attributed to Baal
Shem Tov216
10.6Solomon Maimon, “My Emergence from Talmudic Darkness ”
(1793)217
10.7Rahel Levin Varnhagen, On Being Jewess225
10.7.1Letter to David Veit (1795)225
10.7.2Statement on the Deathbed as Recorded by Karl August
Varnhagen von Ense225
10.8Kadya Molodowsky, Merciful God (1945)226

11SECULAR FORMS OF JEWISHNESS229
11.1I. L. Peretz, “The Golem ”(1893)229
11.2Bialik, “Bring Me in Under Your Wing” (1905)230
11.3Bialik and Ravnitzky, The Book of Legends. On the Binding
of Isaac232
11.4Franz Kafka, “My Fathers Bourgeois Judaism”(1919)239
11.5Woody Allen, Fragment Two of the Scrolls (1974)242
11.6Yaakov Malkin, “The Faith of Secular Jews”(1998)243
11.7Irene Eber, On the Memory of the Holocaust(2004)246
11.8Adi Nes, “Abraham and Isaac”(2006)248

12JEWISH VOICES FROM THE MARGINS249
12.1The Prophets Warning to the Israelites249
12.1.1Amos 5:2124; 7:1017249
12.1.2Micah 3:912; 6:69250
12.2Shmuel Hanagid on War and the Good Life252
12.2.1“First War”252
12.2.2“The Gazelle that Stutters”252
12.2.3“Invitation”253
12.3Judah Halevi, “My Heart is in the East”254
12.4Judaism in Confucian Culture255
12.4.1弘治碑 （公元1489年）255
12.4.1aA Stele Inscription Recording the Reconstruction of the
Pure and True Temple ［Synagogue］ (1489)258
12.5Rabbi Yoel Teitlbaum of Satmar on the Holocaust (1961)265
12.6Ellen M. Umansky, “ReVisioning Sarah: A Midrash on
Genesis 22”267
12.7Jacob Neusner, Stranger at Home (1981)268

Appendices270
A. James Kugel, “Four Assumptions of the Biblical Interpretation”270
B. David Stern, “The Brutality of Repentance”274

Terms and Sources281

参考书目/Bibliography 324
导言/ Introduction导言/Introduction