计算机考研专业课：计算机组成原理一本通（考点详解+习题全解 启航计算机考研专业课系列）

　　《计算机考研专业课——计算机组成原理一本通（考点详解+习题全解）》严格按照全国硕士研究生入学考试计算机学科专业基础综合大纲进行编写，全面涵盖计算机系统概述、数据原理、主存储器、指令系统、中央处理器、总线、输入/输出系统等大纲所要求的知识点，并以图表的形式对考点进行讲解，内容清晰易懂。本书精选历年的408考题及部分名校试题进行详细讲解，帮助考生学练结合，提高考生的学习效率。 《计算机考研专业课——计算机组成原理一本通（考点详解+习题全解）》可作为学生参加计算机专业硕士研究生入学考试的辅导用书，也可作为计算机及相关专业的学生学习计算机组成原理的教材。

　　李红，博士，副教授，硕士研究生导师。多年计算机专业课程教学和培训经验，获得优秀教师称号，教学大赛一等奖等。现任启航计算机课程主讲老师之一，主编《启航计算机真题大全解》，对统考及北京地区985 高校出题思路与动向把握深刻。通过分模块测试学员复习进度，依据多次模拟，进行教学服务调整；确保学员顺利完成各阶段学习KPI。 刘财政，中国科学院博士。启航计算机集训营、网课主讲和高端VIP一对一中心老师，具有丰富的教学经验和扎实的知识积累，深受广大学员和家长的喜爱和一致好评。采用一个中心、点面结合教学法，以考试实战为中心，以突破考试知识为切入点，以建立知识体系为基本面，在点面结合中，让学生掌握应试技巧和提升考试能力。 启航考研，成立于1998年，国内首批从事考研培训的民办教育机构之一，启航考研2016年加入启航龙图教育科技集团有限公司，通过资源整合，形成了线下辅导、线上教育、图书出版等多元化的教学服务体系。本图书是由启航龙图计算机学院联合高校在职教师、中科院博士共同编写，专门针对计算机专业考研专业课。计算机专业考研目前是统考与高校自主命题并存的形势，本书以408统考体系为主线，结合部分热门院校的自主命题，全面覆盖高频考点，重点突出，层次分明。 为了帮助考生更好地理解考点内容，本图书还录制了一系列的图书配套视频。此外，启航龙图计算机学院还设计了“408统考”与“自主命题定向辅导”相结合的定制课程，包括全年集训营、半年集训营、暑期特训营、百日冲刺集训营等，采用高三式、全封闭、军事化管理，同时也开设了针对目标院校目标专业的高端定制的网络课程。经验丰富的师资、专业的课程设计、完备的课后答疑辅导、全套的图书资料，为考生提供全方位一体化的教学服务。

目 录
第 1 章 计算机系统概述 ···················· 1.
1.1 本章导学 ································· 1
1.1.1 考研解读 ························ 1.
1.1.2 知识结构 ························ 1.
1.2 计算机的发展历程与分类 ······ 2.
1.3 计算机系统 ····························· 3.
1.3.1 计算机系统的组成 ········· 3.
1.3.2 计算机系统的层次
结构 ································ 4.
1.3.3 计算机的软件 ················· 4.
1.3.4 存储程序思想与
冯·诺依曼计算机 ········· 5.
1.3.5 计算机的硬件组成 ········· 6.
1.3.6 计算机的指令执行
过程 ································ 7.
1.4 计算机的性能指标 ·················· 8.
1.5 本章习题 ······························· 10.
1.6 习题参考答案 ······················· 12.
第 2 章 运算器 ································ 14
2.1 本章导学 ······························· 14.
2.1.1 考研解读 ······················ 14.
2.1.2 知识结构 ······················ 14.
2.2 知识讲解 ······························· 15.
2.2.1 基本概念 ······················ 15.
2.2.2 进制系统 ······················ 15.
2.2.3 定点数表示和运算 ······· 16.
2.2.4 浮点数表示和运算 ······· 24.
2.2.5 IEEE 754 标准 ·············· 27.
2.2.6 运算器 ·························· 29.
2.2.7 校验码 ·························· 31.
2.3 本章习题 ······························· 35.
2.4 习题参考答案 ························ 40.
第 3 章 主存储器····························· 47
3.1 本章导学 ······························· 47.
3.1.1 考研解读 ······················ 47.
3.1.2 知识结构 ······················ 48.
3.2 知识讲解 ······························· 49.
3.2.1 基本概念 ······················ 49.
3.2.2 存储器的分类 ·············· 49.
3.2.3 存储器的系统结构 ······ 51.
3.2.4 半导体随机存储器和
只读存储器 ·················· 52.
3.2.5 主存储器与 CPU 的
连接与控制 ·················· 55.
3.2.6 双端口 RAM 和多体
模块存储器 ·················· 58.
3.2.7 主存—Cache 系统 ······· 60.
3.2.8 虚拟存储系统 ·············· 70.
3.3 本章习题 ······························· 75.
3.4 习题参考答案 ························ 88
第 4 章 指令系统··························· 107
4.1 本章导学 ····························· 107.
4.1.1 考研解读 ···················· 107.
4.1.2 知识结构 ···················· 107.
4.2 机器指令 ····························· 108.
4.3 定长指令格式和变长指令
格式 ····································· 109.
4.4 寻址方式 ····························· 112.
4.4.1 寻址方式概述 ············ 112.
4.4.2 指令寻址 ···················· 112.
计算机考研专业课——计算机组成原理一本通（考点详解＋习题全解）
IV
4.4.3 数据寻址 ···················· 113.
4.5 复杂指令系统计算机和
精简指令系统计算机 ·········· 118.
4.6 本章习题 ····························· 119.
4.7 习题参考答案 ····················· 124.
第 5 章 中央处理器（CPU） ········ 129
5.1 本章导学 ····························· 129.
5.1.1 考纲解读 ···················· 129.
5.1.2 知识结构 ···················· 129.
5.2 CPU 的功能和组成 ············· 130.
5.2.1 CPU 的组成和结构 ···· 130.
5.2.2 CPU 中的寄存器 ········ 131.
5.2.3 CPU 的功能和数据
通路 ···························· 132.
5.3 控制的设计原理 ················· 135.
5.3.1 CPU 的控制方式 ········ 135.
5.3.2 微程序控制器的原理
和设计 ························ 136.
5.3.3 组合逻辑控制器的
原理和设计 ················· 140.
5.4 指令流水线 ························· 140.
5.4.1 指令执行方案 ············· 140.
5.4.2 指令流水线 ················· 141.
5.4.3 流水线的性能指标 ····· 142.
5.4.4 影响流水线性能的
因素 ···························· 143.
5.4.5 超流水线技术 ············· 144.
5.5 本章习题 ····························· 146.
5.6 习题参考答案 ····················· 154.
第 6 章 总线 ·································· 162
6.1 本章导学 ····························· 162.
6.1.1 考研解读 ···················· 162.
6.1.2 知识结构 ···················· 162.
6.2 总线概述 ····························· 163.
6.2.1 基本概念 ···················· 163.
6.2.2 总线的分类 ················ 163.
6.2.3 总线的组成 ················ 164.
6.2.4 总线的性能指标 ········ 164.
6.2.5 总线的连接结构 ········ 165.
6.2.6 总线的特性 ················ 167.
6.3 总线仲裁 ····························· 167.
6.3.1 集中仲裁 ···················· 167.
6.3.2 分布仲裁 ···················· 169.
6.4 总线通信控制 ······················ 170.
6.4.1 总线信息传送过程 ···· 170.
6.4.2 总线的定时方式 ········ 170.
6.5 总线标准 ····························· 172.
6.5.1 系统总线标准 ············ 172.
6.5.2 设备总线标准
（外部总线标准） ···· 173.
6.6 本章习题 ····························· 173.
6.7 习题参考答案 ······················ 178.
第 7 章 输入/输出系统 ·················· 183
7.1 本章导学 ····························· 183.
7.1.1 考研解读 ···················· 183.
7.1.2 知识结构 ···················· 184.
7.2 基本概念 ····························· 184.
7.3 外部设备 ····························· 185.
7.4 I/O 接口 ······························· 188.
7.5 I/O 控制方式 ······················· 190.
7.5.1 程序查询方式 ············ 190.
7.5.2 程序中断方式 ············ 191.
7.5.3 直接存储器存取
方式 ···························· 198.
7.5.4 I/O 通道控制方式 ······ 201.
7.5.5 I/O 处理机 ·················· 203.
7.6 本章习题 ····························· 203.
7.7 习题参考答案 ······················ 211