摄影用光：快速提升照片水平的150个关键技法

　　摄影是光与影的艺术，没有光也就没有摄影。本书从基础知识和技巧实战两大方面介绍了如何掌握摄影曝光与用光方法。在曝光与用光基础知识部分，本书向各位读者讲解了曝光的控制方法，以及不同方向、不同时间、不同天气情况下光线的特点；在曝光与用光实战技巧部分中，本书从人像、风光、建筑、动物、植物、静物6个题材中总结出150个关键技法， 每一种技法均以图文并茂的形式，直观地展示出使用此技法后可以给画面带来的变化，从而让读者更容易理解并掌握摄影用光。本书适合摄影爱好者，尤其是在用光方面遇到瓶颈的摄影爱好者参考阅读，对于有一定经验的摄影师，本书也同样适用。

　　北极光摄影是由多位有丰富摄影从业经验的摄影师组成的作者团队，得益于多年拍摄的积累，有着丰富的图片资源和技巧沉淀，长期致力于普及单反器材使用与实拍技巧的提升

第 1 章 曝光与用光基础知识
[ 简介 1]
如何考虑曝光与用光 ······················ 10
[ 简介2]
曝光与用光学习路线 ······················ 11
[ 步骤 1]
学会控制曝光量
了解什么是曝光 ················································· 13
没有正确的曝光，只有合适的曝光 ··················· 14
控制曝光的三个要素 ········································· 15
快门速度对曝光及画面效果的影响 ··················· 15
高速快门抓拍瞬间动作 ······································ 16
低速快门记录车灯痕迹 ······································ 16
光圈对曝光及画面效果的影响 ·························· 17
大光圈得到小景深画面 ······································ 18
小光圈得到清晰的风景照 ·································· 18
感光度对曝光及画面效果的影响 ······················· 19
高感光度拍摄弱光美景 ······································ 20
低感光度画面细腻 ············································· 20
灵活运用光圈、快门速度和感光度拍摄不同效果····························· 21
使用AUTO模式快速设置曝光参数 ···················· 22
程序模式（P）灵活组合曝光参数 ····················· 22
光圈优先模式（Av）表现不同的景深效果 ········ 23
用光圈优先模式突出主体 ·································· 24
快门优先模式（Tv）表现不同的动态效果 ········ 25
凝固瞬间动态效果时使用快门优先模式 ············ 25
手动模式灵活掌控曝光 ······································ 26
理解曝光补偿 ······································· 26
特殊的情况下利用曝光补偿调整画面 ··············· 27
拍摄对象颜色较深时减少曝光补偿 ··················· 28
拍摄对象颜色较浅时增加曝光补偿 ··················· 28
使用曝光锁锁定被摄物的曝光 ·························· 29
复杂光线条件下可使用包围曝光模式 ··············· 30
液晶屏回放照片检查曝光情况 ·························· 31
通过直方图判断曝光情况 ·································· 31
曝光不足时的直方图 ········································· 32
曝光过度时的直方图·········································· 33
拍摄烟花时的直方图·········································· 34
画面反差过大的直方图······································ 35
画面反差较小的直方图······································ 35
根据直方图纠正曝光·········································· 36
分析RGB直方图················································· 37
[ 步骤 2]
认识不同光线的特点
明暗过渡均匀的柔光·········································· 38
柔光的画面层次细腻·········································· 39
柔光下的影调更均匀·········································· 39
层次分明的硬光················································· 40
硬光突出质感······································· 41
硬光加强明暗对比············································· 41
顺光场景清晰明亮············································· 42
顺光颜色真实·········································· 43
前侧光立体感很强············································· 44
侧光的画面明暗对比明显·································· 44
侧光适合表现质感············································· 45
侧逆光表现物体轮廓·········································· 46
侧逆光使画面明暗层次更丰富··························· 46
逆光制造画面空间感·········································· 47
逆光表现毛发的边缘轮廓·································· 48
顶光突出物体立体感·········································· 49
脚光制造画面气氛············································· 49
黎明前的高色温光线·········································· 50
拍摄照片的黄金时段········································· 50
9点之前的光线比较柔和··································· 51
中午的光线很硬················································· 52
温暖的午后·········································· 53
夕阳的霞光漫天················································· 53
晴天硬朗的直射光线·········································· 54
烈日下的取景技巧············································· 54
阴天的柔和光线················································· 55
突出雨天特色的画面效果·································· 55
使用闪光灯需要准备的器材······························· 56
闪光同步时间········································ 57
反射光柔和自然················································· 58
机位直接闪光法减少投影·································· 59
通过距离控制闪光灯强弱·································· 60
调节闪光补偿控制闪光灯强弱··························· 60
混合光的画面效果············································· 61
多个光源时要注意分清主次······························· 62
根据主光进行曝光············································· 63
根据主光色温设置白平衡·································· 63
闪光灯与日光的混合·········································· 64
[ 步骤 3]
理解画面的影调影调的意义···································· 65
粗犷的影调增加画面的力量感··························· 66
均匀的影调画面层次细腻·································· 66
明亮、清新的高调············································· 67
高调表现柔美感觉············································· 68
增加曝光形成干净的高调画面··························· 69
平淡真实的中间调画面······································ 70
雄浑有力的中间调影像······································ 70
神秘、含蓄的低调照片······································ 71
利用侧逆光、逆光拍出低调影像······················· 71
低调不是曝光不足············································· 72
低调照片使用亮部法测光·································· 72
控制光照面积使影调更厚重······························· 73
第 2 章 曝光与用光技巧实战——人像
1 大光圈突出画面中的人物····················· 75
2 小光圈表现人物的环境 ························ 76
3 高速快门凝固运动中的人物················· 77
4 对准人的脸部测光································ 78
5 浅色衣服时增加曝光补偿····················· 79
6 深色衣服时减少曝光补偿····················· 80
7 利用曝光过度减少不利因素················· 81
8 利用曝光不足减少不利因素················· 81
9 低调光影表现男性沉稳一面················· 82
10 高调光影表现女性柔美一面················· 82
11 利用阴天拍摄影调细腻的人像 ············· 83
12 利用高色温光线表现人像的宁静美································ 84
13 利用低色温光线表现温馨感 ················· 85
14 前侧光使脸型更立体 ···························· 85
15 利用侧光突显人物个性 ························ 86
16 脚光减少眼袋、笑纹 ···························· 87
17 散射光表现女性细腻的皮肤 ················· 88
18 小光比的天气适合表现少女 ················· 88
19 利用顶光表现头发质感 ························ 89
20 在烈日下利用反光板为面部补光·········· 89
21 用硬光表现男性的粗犷感 ····················· 90
22 柔光表现儿童的天真烂漫 ····················· 91
23 闪光灯可使少女脸部更白净 ················· 92
24 利用闪光灯缩小画面反差 ····················· 93
25 利用闪光灯在暗光中突出人物 ············· 93
26 水边拍摄时避免水面强烈反光 ············· 94
27 灵活使用反光板改变光源色 ················· 94
28 树林中拍摄时使用透光板过滤光线 ···································· 95
29 投影增加画面形式感 ···························· 95
30 光晕营造浪漫气氛 ································ 96
31 黄昏营造温馨气氛的人像 ····················· 96
32 逆光的剪影效果人像 ···························· 97
33 窗边梦幻效果的人像 ···························· 98
34 眼神光使眼睛炯炯有神 ························ 99
35 轮廓光突出人物的轮廓线条 ··············· 100
36 背景光制造画面气氛，表现人物性格 ···························· 101
37 利用深色背景光突出人物 ··················· 102
第 3 章 曝光与用光技巧实战——风光
38 利用点测光拍摄日出日落 ··················· 104
39 小光圈捕捉水面晶莹的反光 ··············· 105
40 小光圈表现灯光的星芒效果 ··············· 106
41 大光圈表现树叶的半透明感 ··············· 107
42 慢速快门捕捉风的痕迹 ······················ 107
43 拍摄月亮并不需要大光圈 ··················· 108
44 利用曝光过度去掉画面的不利因素 ·································· 109
45 曝光不足拍出有“光”的感觉 ··········· 110
46 减少曝光突出树林的茂密 ··················· 110
47 慢快门记录烟花的绽放 ······················ 111
48 借助白平衡使日出日落更绚丽 ··········· 112
49 高调影像表现雪景的纯净 ··················· 112
50 利用冷色调表现清晨静谧的感觉········ 113
51 捕捉“耶稣光” ··································· 114
52 侧光突出山峦的立体感 ······················ 115
53 逆光呈现山峦的剪影效果 ··················· 115
54 顺光表现原野的色彩 ·························· 116
55 逆光表现冰凌的晶莹 ·························· 116
56 侧光表现云雾缭绕的迷人晨景 ··········· 117
57 利用不同时间的阳光为云彩染色········ 118
58 借助侧光表现雾景的层次感 ··············· 119
59 逆光表现波光粼粼的水面 ··················· 120
60 利用夕阳余晖渲染日落海面 ·············· 120
61 硬光拍摄风景层次分明 ······················ 121
62 偏振镜使天空更蓝 ······························ 122
63 利用中灰渐变镜缩小天空与地面的亮度差距 ···························· 123
64 利用星光镜表现夜晚的灿烂灯光 ·································· 124
65 借助倒影表现湖泊 ······························ 125
66 借助投影增强画面空间感 ··················· 125
67 拍夜景别等天黑 ·································· 126
68 利用眩光让风景生动起来 ··················· 127
69 丰富的影调使山水画面充满变化········ 128
70 利用CPL偏振镜拍出清澈见底的湖水 ···························· 129
第 4 章 曝光与用光技巧实战——建筑
71 利用小光圈拍摄清晰的建筑及环境 ···························· 131
72 利用慢速快门虚化建筑周围的人群 ·································· 131
73 利用三脚架使用较低的ISO拍摄夜景 ································· 132
74 拍摄室内建筑不要惧怕提高ISO ········· 132
75 利用慢速快门拉曝建筑灯光 ··············· 133
76 硬光下的建筑层次分明 ······················ 133
77 散射光可突出建筑的沧桑感 ··············· 134
78 前侧光下的建筑物很有立体感 ··········· 134
79 借助室内灯光拍摄建筑内部 ··············· 135
80 利用反光表现建筑的现代感 ··············· 135
81 暮色中的夜景建筑 ······························ 136
82 利用明暗反差强化照片层次感 ··········· 136
83 顺光下的建筑颜色很柔和 ··················· 137
84 慢速快门表现建筑灯光 ······················ 137
85 黄昏的光线衬托建筑物的气势 ··········· 138
86 注意发现有特色的建筑灯光 ··············· 138
87 利用焦外成像营造带有光斑的梦幻效果 ·································· 139
88 利用云雾营造的柔光表现建筑的意境美································· 139
89 有特色的建筑剪影 ······························ 140
第 5 章 曝光与用光技巧实战——动物
90 小光圈拍摄动物表现环境 ··················· 142
91 大光圈突出体积小的动物 ··················· 143
92 大光圈突出动物的表情 ······················ 143
93 高速快门拍摄飞行的动物 ·················· 144
94 利用倒影表现动物 ······························ 144
95 拍摄雪地的动物增加曝光补偿 ··········· 145
96 增加曝光补偿突出天鹅的洁白 ··········· 145
97 利用点光拍出鸟类的艺术美感 ··········· 146
98 夕阳下逆光效果的马匹 ······················ 146
99 利用逆光表现昆虫透明的翅膀 ··········· 147
100 利用侧光突出昆虫的立体感 ··············· 147
101 强逆光塑造宠物剪影并在身体边缘形成亮边 ···························· 148
102 逆光下拍摄毛毛虫的轮廓光 ··············· 149
103 逆光拍摄动物的半透明感 ··················· 150
104 侧光表现猫咪的五官 ·························· 150
105 硬光表现瓢虫光滑的外壳 ··················· 151
106 冷调拍摄动物艺术感十足 ··················· 152
107 利用暖调营造温馨画面 ······················ 153
108 低调画面的飞鸟形式感很强 ··············· 153
109 高调拍摄白色的猫咪 ·························· 154
110 中间调拍摄家中的狗很温馨 ··············· 154
111 大光比拍摄剪影的水鸟 ······················ 155
112 拍摄小动物尽量不要开启闪光灯········ 156
113 利用眼神光表现动物的可爱 ··············· 156
第 6 章 曝光与用光技巧实战——植物
114 利用大光圈突出花朵的细节 ··············· 158
115 小光圈拍摄花海 ·································· 158
116 用小光圈捕捉树隙中的光线 ··············· 159
117 增加曝光表现树木和天空 ··················· 160
118 减少曝光使花卉色彩浓郁 ··················· 160
119 让黄色花卉色彩更亮丽 ······················ 161
120 拍摄白色花卉增加曝光补偿还原真实感································ 161
121 顺光下的花卉色彩饱满 ······················ 162
122 侧光突出花卉的立体感 ······················ 162
123 逆光时选择暗背景突出干草的半透明感 ··································· 163
124 细腻的影调突出花卉的细节 ··············· 164
125 逆光表现树木形态美 ·························· 164
126 散射光拍摄花卉色彩真实 ··················· 165
127 直射强光让树叶更加鲜艳 ··················· 166
128 用侧光突出树木的立体感 ··················· 167
129 林间的顶光可以塑造大面积的透明树叶 ································ 168
130 以逆光在地面上的阴影突显树木的
高大和画面的空间感 ·························· 169
131 利用高强度的逆光为树上色 ··············· 170
132 利用暗背景突出花卉 ·························· 170
133 利用偏振镜使花卉色彩更加纯净········ 171
134 使树叶呈现半透明效果的光线 ··········· 171
135 利用眩光得到有艺术效果的画面········ 172
136 利用侧光拍摄蘑菇很有立体感 ··········· 173
137 明暗相间时可增强画面的空间感········ 174
138 利用点测光拍摄暗背景低调花卉········ 175
139 利用星光镜将植物上的水珠拍出特殊的效果 ································· 175
140 利用低调画面表现绿植上晶莹剔透的水珠 ··································· 176
第 7 章 曝光与用光技巧实战——静物
141 使用大光圈让陪体虚化 ······················ 178
142 使用小光圈让美食清晰 ······················ 178
143 白色背景要增加曝光补偿 ··················· 179
144 利用倒影表现被摄体 ·························· 179
145 利用侧光表现物体质感 ······················ 180
146 逆光表现玻璃的透明感 ······················ 181
147 逆光拍出“热气腾腾”的美食 ··········· 182
148 光影也能做画框 ·································· 183
149 利用柔和的光线拍摄小清新风格静物 ································· 183
150 营造明暗反差突出主体 ······················ 184