大学计算机基础与计算思维

　　计算机基础教育在大学教学内容和教学目标上已发生重大变革，特别是针对文、理科的学生， 缺乏工科学生的思维训练，该课程不仅让学生全面了解计算机和计算机应用技能，还要培养学生 的计算思维能力，即培养学生用计算机解决问题的方法解决其他专业领域中的问题的能力和将计 算机应用拓展到其他专业领域，并因此产生用计算机的新技术解决现实生活中尚未解决的问题的 能力。本书主要内容包括计算机基础与计算思维、Windows 7 操作系统、程序设计与软件开发基 础、Office 2013 办公软件的使用、计算机网络与信息安全、多媒体技术和数据库技术基础等内容。 本书适合作为各类高等院校非计算机专业计算机基础课程的教材。

　　陆军，1982年出生，甘肃白银人，毕业于兰州理工大学，现为甘肃政法大学网络空间安全副教授，硕士生导师，计算机科学与技术专业负责人，主要从事计算机应用及网络安全方向研究.

第1 章 计算机基础与计算思维················· 1
1.1 计算机的发展史································· 1
1.1.1 计算工具的发展·························· 1
1.1.2 早期计算机器的发展·················· 3
1.1.3 电子计算机的发展······················ 5
1.1.4 微型计算机的发展······················ 8
1.2 计算机的分类·································· 10
1.2.1 特点与类型······························· 10
1.2.2 大型计算机······························· 11
1.2.3 微型计算机······························· 13
1.2.4 嵌入式系统······························· 15
1.3 计算机的工作原理··························· 19
1.3.1 信息编码··································· 19
1.3.2 数据存储··································· 21
1.3.3 数据传输··································· 23
1.3.4 数据计算··································· 26
1.3.5 指令系统··································· 28
1.4 计算思维的基本方法······················· 29
1.4.1 计算思维的基本特征················ 29
1.4.2 计算机如何解决问题················ 31
1.4.3 计算机不能解决的问题············ 32
第2 章 中文Windows 7 操作系统·········· 34
2.1 Windows 7 概述······························· 34
2.1.1 Windows 7 的版本介绍············· 34
2.1.2 Windows 7 系统的安装············· 35
2.2 Windows 7 桌面系统························ 39
2.2.1 鼠标、键盘及指法练习············ 39
2.2.2 桌面上的图标···························· 42
2.2.3 桌面小工具······························· 45
2.2.4 任务栏和“开始”菜单············ 46
2.2.5 个性化设置······························· 49
2.3 窗口、菜单与对话框的操作············ 53
2.3.1 认识Windows 窗口··················· 53
2.3.2 Windows 窗口的基本操作········· 55
2.3.3 窗口的排列······························· 57
2.3.4 菜单操作··································· 59
2.3.5 对话框······································· 59
2.4 文件与文件夹··································· 61
2.4.1 认识文件与文件夹···················· 61
2.4.2 文件与文件夹的基本操作········· 62
2.4.3 管理文件与文件夹···················· 66
2.5 Windows 7 用户账户管理················ 72
2.5.1 创建用户账户···························· 72
2.5.2 删除用户账户···························· 73
2.5.3 管理用户账户···························· 74
2.6 中文输入法······································ 75
2.7 附件的应用······································ 77
2.7.1 计算器的应用···························· 77
2.7.2 画图的应用······························· 78
2.7.3 记事本的基本操作···················· 80
第3 章 程序设计与软件开发基础··········· 83
3.1 程序设计概述··································· 83
3.1.1 程序设计的风格························ 83
3.1.2 结构化程序设计························ 85
3.1.3 面向对象程序设计···················· 86
3.2 算法概述·········································· 89
3.2.1 算法的基本概念························ 89
3.2.2 算法的复杂度···························· 90
3.3 数据结构基础··································· 91
3.3.1 数据结构的基本概念················ 91
3.3.2 线性表······································· 93
3.3.3 栈··············································· 95
3.3.4 队列··········································· 96
II 大学计算机基础与计算思维
3.3.5 树与二叉树······························· 97
3.3.6 查找··········································· 99
3.3.7 排序··········································· 99
3.4 软件工程基础································ 101
3.4.1 软件工程的基本概念·············· 101
3.4.2 结构化分析方法······················ 103
3.4.3 结构化设计方法······················ 105
3.4.4 软件测试及调试······················ 107
3.5 C 语言设计基础····························· 110
3.5.1 C 语言简介······························ 110
3.5.2 变量与数据类型······················ 111
3.5.3 运算符和表达式······················ 115
3.5.4 顺序结构································· 119
3.5.5 选择结构································· 122
3.5.6 循环结构································· 125