摩擦学原理（第2版）

　　本书汇集摩擦学研究的*新进展及作者和其同事从事该领域的研究成果，系统地阐述摩擦学的基本原理与应用，全面反映现代摩擦学的研究状况和发展趋势。全书共21章，由润滑理论与润滑设计、摩擦磨损机理与控制、应用摩擦学等3部分组成。除摩擦学传统内容外，还论述了摩擦学与相关学科交叉而形成的研究领域。本书针对工程实际中的各种摩擦学现象，着重阐述摩擦过程中的变化规律和特征，进而介绍基本理论、分析计算方法以及实验测试技术，并说明它们在工程中的实际应用。本书可作为机械设计与理论专业的研究生教材以及高等院校机械工程各类专业师生的教学参考书，也可以供从事机械设计和研究的工程技术人员参考。

　　温诗铸 清华大学精密仪器与机械学系教授。1932年生于江西省丰城市。1955年毕业于清华大学机械制造系后留校任教，历任机械设计教研室主任、摩擦学研究室主任、摩擦学国家重点实验室主任。长期从事机械设计与理论专业的教学和研究，出版《摩擦学原理》（第1、2、3版）、《耐磨损设计》、《弹性流体动力润滑》、《纳米摩擦学》、《界面科学与技术》、《Principles of Tribology》等6部著作，发表学术论文500余篇。获国家自然科学奖二等奖、国家技术发明奖三等奖、全国优秀科技图书奖一、二等奖以及省部级科技进步奖等共19项。1999年被选为中国科学院院士。

Contents
AbouttheAuthorsxvii
SecondEditionPrefacexix
Prefacexxi
Introductionxxiii
PartILubricationTheory1
1PropertiesofLubricants3
1.1LubricationStates3
1.2DensityofLubricant5
1.3ViscosityofLubricant7
1.3.1DynamicViscosityandKinematicViscosity7
1.3.1.1DynamicViscosity7
1.3.1.2KinematicViscosity8
1.3.2RelationshipbetweenViscosityandTemperature9
1.3.2.1Viscosity–TemperatureEquations9
1.3.2.2ASTMViscosity–TemperatureDiagram9
1.3.2.3ViscosityIndex10
1.3.3RelationshipbetweenViscosityandPressure10
1.3.3.1RelationshipsbetweenViscosity,TemperatureandPressure11
1.4Non-NewtonianBehaviors12
1.4.1Ree–EyringConstitutiveEquation12
1.4.2Visco-PlasticConstitutiveEquation13
1.4.3CircularConstitutiveEquation13
1.4.4Temperature-DependentConstitutiveEquation13
1.4.5Visco-ElasticConstitutiveEquation14
1.4.6NonlinearVisco-ElasticConstitutiveEquation14
1.4.7ASimpleVisco-ElasticConstitutiveEquation15
1.4.7.1Pseudoplasticity16
1.4.7.2Thixotropy16
1.5WettabilityofLubricants16
1.5.1WettingandContactAngle17
1.5.2SurfaceTension17
1.6MeasurementandConversionofViscosity19
1.6.1RotaryViscometer19
1.6.2Off-BodyViscometer19
1.6.3CapillaryViscometer19
References21
2BasicTheoriesofHydrodynamicLubrication22
2.1ReynoldsEquation22
2.1.1BasicAssumptions22
2.1.2DerivationoftheReynoldsEquation23
2.1.2.1ForceBalance23
2.1.2.2GeneralReynoldsEquation25
2.2HydrodynamicLubrication26
2.2.1MechanismofHydrodynamicLubrication26
2.2.2BoundaryConditionsandInitialConditionsoftheReynoldsEquation27
2.2.2.1BoundaryConditions27
2.2.2.2InitialConditions28
2.2.3CalculationofHydrodynamicLubrication28
2.2.3.1Load-CarryingCapacityW28
2.2.3.2FrictionForceF28
2.2.3.3LubricantFlowQ29
2.3ElasticContactProblems29
2.3.1LineContact29
2.3.1.1GeometryandElasticitySimulations29
2.3.1.2ContactAreaandStress30
2.3.2PointContact31
2.3.2.1GeometricRelationship31
2.3.2.2ContactAreaandStress32
2.4EntranceAnalysisofEHL34
2.4.1ElasticDeformationofLineContacts35
2.4.2ReynoldsEquationConsideringtheEffectofPressure-Viscosity35
2.4.3Discussion36
2.4.4GrubinFilmThicknessFormula37
2.5GreaseLubrication38
References40
3NumericalMethodsofLubricationCalculation41
3.1NumericalMethodsofLubrication42
3.1.1FiniteDifferenceMethod42
3.1.1.1HydrostaticLubrication44
3.1.1.2HydrodynamicLubrication44
3.1.2FiniteElementMethodandBoundaryElementMethod48
3.1.2.1FiniteElementMethod(FEM)48
3.1.2.2BoundaryElementMethod49
3.1.3NumericalTechniques51
3.1.3.1ParameterTransformation51
3.1.3.2NumericalIntegration51
3.1.3.3EmpiricalFormula53
3.1.3.4SuddenThicknessChange53
3.2NumericalSolutionoftheEnergyEquation54
3.2.1ConductionandConvectionofHeat55
3.2.1.1ConductionHeatHd55
3.2.1.2ConvectionHeatHv55
3.2.2EnergyEquation56
3.2.3NumericalSolutionofEnergyEquation59
3.3NumericalSolutionofElastohydrodynamicLubrication60
3.3.1EHLNumericalSolutionofLineContacts60
3.3.1.1BasicEquations60
3.3.1.2SolutionoftheReynoldsEquation62
3.3.1.3CalculationofElasticDeformation62
3.3.1.4Dowson–HigginsonFilmThicknessFormulaofLineContactEHL64
3.3.2EHLNumericalSolutionofPointContacts64
3.3.2.1TheReynoldsEquation65
3.3.2.2ElasticDeformationEquation66
3.3.2.3Hamrock–DowsonFilmThicknessFormulaofPointContactEHL66
3.4Multi-GridMethodforSolvingEHLProblems68
3.4.1BasicPrinciplesofMulti-GridMethod68
3.4.1.1GridStructure68
3.4.1.2DiscreteEquation68
3.4.1.3Transformation69
3.4.2NonlinearFullApproximationSchemefortheMulti-GridMethod69
3.4.3VandWIterations71
3.4.4Multi-GridSolutionofEHLProblems71
3.4.4.1IterationMethods71
3.4.4.2IterativeDivision72
3.4.4.3RelaxationFactors73
3.4.4.4NumbersofIterationTimes73
3.4.5Multi-GridIntegrationMethod73
3.4.5.1TransferPressureDownwards74
3.4.5.2TransferIntegralCoefficientsDownwards74
3.4.5.3IntegrationontheCoarserMesh74
3.4.5.4TransferBackIntegrationResults75
3.4.5.5ModificationontheFinerMesh75
References76
4LubricationDesignofTypicalMechanicalElements78
4.1SliderandThrustBearings78
4.1.1BasicEquations78
4.1.1.1ReynoldsEquation78
4.1.1.2BoundaryConditions78
4.1.1.3ContinuousConditions79
4.1.2SolutionsofSliderLubrication79
4.2JournalBearings81
4.2.1AxisPositionandClearanceShape81
4.2.2InfinitelyNarrowBearings82
4.2.2.1Load-CarryingCapacity83
4.2.2.2DeviationAngleandAxisTrack83
4.2.2.3Flow84
4.2.2.4FrictionalForceandFrictionCoefficient84
4.2.3InfinitelyWideBearings85
4.3HydrostaticBearings88
4.3.1HydrostaticThrustPlate89
4.3.2HydrostaticJournalBearings90
4.3.3BearingStiffnessandThrottle90
4.3.3.1ConstantFlowPump91
4.3.3.2CapillaryThrottle91
4.3.3.3Thin-WalledOrificeThrottle92
4.4SqueezeBearings92
4.4.1RectangularPlateSqueeze93
4.4.2DiscSqueeze94
4.4.3JournalBearingSqueeze94
4.5DynamicBearings96
4.5.1ReynoldsEquationofDynamicJournalBearings96
4.5.2SimpleDynamicBearingCalculation98
4.5.2.1ASuddenLoad98
4.5.2.2RotatingLoad99
4.5.3GeneralDynamicBearings100
4.5.3.1InfinitelyNarrowBearings100
4.5.3.2SuperimpositionMethodofPressures101
4.5.3.3SuperimpositionMethodofCarryingLoads101
4.6GasLubricationBearings102
4.6.1BasicEquationsofGasLubrication102
4.6.2TypesofGasLubricationBearings103
4.7RollingContactBearings106
4.7.1EquivalentRadiusR107
4.7.2AverageVelocityU107
4.7.3CarryingLoadPerWidthW/b107
4.8GearLubrication108
4.8.1InvoluteGearTransmission109
4.8.1.1EquivalentCurvatureRadiusR110
4.8.1.2AverageVelocityU111
4.8.1.3LoadPerWidthW/b112
4.8.2ArcGearTransmissionEHL112
4.9CamLubrication114
References116
5SpecialFluidMediumLubrication118
5.1MagneticHydrodynamicLubrication118
5.1.1CompositionandClassificationofMagneticFluids118
5.1.2PropertiesofMagneticFluids119
5.1.2.1DensityofMagneticFluids119
5.1.2.2ViscosityofMagneticFluids119
5.1.2.3MagnetizationStrengthofMagneticFluids120
5.1.2.4StabilityofMagneticFluids120
5.1.3BasicEquationsofMagneticHydrodynamicLubrication121
5.1.4InfluenceFactorsonMagneticEHL123
5.2Micro-PolarHydrodynamicLubrication124
5.2.1BasicEquationsofMicro-PolarFluidLubrication124
5.2.1.1BasicEquationsofMicro-PolarFluidMechanics124
5.2.1.2ReynoldsEquationofMicro-PolarFluid125
5.2.2InfluenceFactorsonMicro-PolarFluidLubrication128
5.2.2.1InfluenceofLoad128
5.2.2.2MainInfluenceParametersofMicro-PolarFluid129
5.3LiquidCrystalLubrication130
5.3.1TypesofLiquidCrystal130
5.3.1.1TribologicalPropertiesofLyotropicLiquidCrystal131
5.3.1.2TribologicalPropertiesofThermotropicLiquidCrystal131
5.3.2DeformationAnalysisofLiquidCrystalLubrication132
5.3.3FrictionMechanismofLiquidCrystalasaLubricantAdditive136
5.3.3.1TribologicalMechanismof4-pentyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl136
5.3.3.2TribologicalMechanismofCholesterylOleylCarbonate136
5.4ElectricDoubleLayerEffectinWaterLubrication137
5.4.1ElectricDoubleLayerHydrodynamicLubricationTheory138
5.4.1.1ElectricDoubleLayerStructure138
5.4.1.2HydrodynamicLubricationTheoryofElectricDoubleLayer138
5.4.2InfluenceofElectricDoubleLayeronLubricationProperties142
5.4.2.1PressureDistribution142
5.4.2.2Load-CarryingCapacity143
5.4.2.3FrictionCoefficient144
5.4.2.4AnExample144
References145
6LubricationTransformationandNanoscaleThinFilmLubrication147
6.1TransformationsofLubricationStates147
6.1.1Thickness-RoughnessRatio??147
6.1.2TransformationfromHydrodynamicLubricationtoEHL148
6.1.3TransformationfromEHLtoThinFilmLubrication149
6.2ThinFilmLubrication152
6.2.1PhenomenonofThinFilmLubrication153
6.2.2TimeEffectofThinFilmLubrication154
6.2.3ShearStrainRateEffectonThinFilmLubrication157
6.3AnalysisofThinFilmLubrication158
6.3.1DifficultiesinNumericalAnalysisofThinFilmLubrication158
6.3.2Tichy’sThinFilmLubricationModels160
6.3.2.1DirectionFactorModel160
6.3.2.2SurfaceLayerModel161
6.3.2.3PorousSurfaceLayerModel161
6.4Nano-GasFilmLubrication161
6.4.1RarefiedGasEffect162
6.4.2BoundarySlip163
6.4.2.1SlipFlow163
6.4.2.2SlipModels163
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