有机化学

　　有机化学是最常见和简单的定义为化学碳化合物。相比，氢和氦，碳，是不是一个丰富的元素，在宇宙中，也不在太阳系；但它是一个基本要素的生活。事实上，四个要素：碳，氢，氮，氧弥补大部分的问题，发现在活的生物体。微量元素，如硫，磷，钠，钾，铁，仅举几例，也发挥着重要作用，在化学的生活；但它是独特的性能碳pemfits的巨大多样性的化合物与生活。从简单的单碳化合物，如甲烷和二氧化碳向更复杂的结构，发现在维生素，激素和酶，并最终以非常大的大分子一样的DNA ，碳是不可或缺的基本构件。

暂缺《有机化学》作者简介

Chapter 1Introduction
1. 1The Shape of Molecules
1. 2Atomic and Molecular Orbitals
1.3Structure & Bonding
1.4Chemical Bonding and Valence
1.5Covalent Bonding
1.6Valence
1.7Charge Distribution
1.8Functional Groups
Chapter 2Alkanes
2.1Alkane Nomenclature
2.1.1IUPAC Rules for Alkane Nomenclature
2. 2Conformational Stereoisomers
2.2.1Ethane Conformations
2.2.2Butane Conformations
2. 3Physical Properties of Alkanes
2.4Chemical Properties of Alkanes
Chapter 3Alkenes
3.1Alkene and Cycloalkene Nomenclature
3.1.1IUPAC Rules
3.1.2Stereoisomers
3.1.3Configurational Stereoisomers of Alkenes
3.1.4Nomenclature of Alkene Stereoisomers
3.1.5The Sequence Rule for Assignment of Alkene Configurations
3.2Physical Properties of Alkenes
3.3Reactions of Alkenes
3.3.1Addition Reactions of Alkenes
a. Addition of Strong Bronsted Acids
b. Regioselectivity and the Markovnikov Rule
c. Rearrangement of Carbocations
d. Addition of lewis Acids （Electrophilic Reagents）
e. Stereoselectivity in Addition Reactions to Double Bonds
f. Bronsted Acid Additions
g. Addition Reactions Initiated by Electrophilic Halogen
h. Addition Reactions Involving Other Cyclic Onium Intermediates
3.3.2Hydrogenation
3.3.3Oxidations
（i） Hydroxylation
（ii） Epoxidation
（iii） Oxidative Cleavage of Double Bonds
3.3.4Free Radical Reactions of Alkenes
a. Addition of Radicals to Alkenes
b. Allylic Substitution
Chapter 4Alkynes
4.1IUPAC Rules for Alkyne Nomenclature
4.2Reactions of Alkynes
4.2.1Addition Reactions of Alkynes
a. Catalytic Hydrogenation
b. Addition by Electrophilie Reagents
c. Hydration of Alkynes and Tautomerism
d. Hydroboration Reactions
e. Oxidations
4.2.2Nucleophilic Addition Reactions & Reduction
4.2.3Acidity of Terminal Alkynes
4.3Physical Properties of Alkynes
Chapter 5Dienes
5.1Properties of Dienes
5.1.1Addition Reactions of Dienes
5.1.2Diels-Alder Cycloaddition
5.1.3Stereospecificity
5.2Properties of Cumulated Dienes
5.2.1Addition Reactions of Mlenes
Chapter 6Cyeloalkanes
6.1IUPAC Rules for Cycloalkane Nomenclature
6.2Ring Conformations
6.2.1Substituted Cyclohexane Compounds
6.2.2Conformational Structures of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
6.2.3Configurational Stereoisomers of Cycloalkanes
6.3Cycloalkanes reactions
Chapter 7Alkyl Halide
7.1Naming
7.2Alkyl Halide Reactions
7.3Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
7.3.1The SN2 Mechanism
7.3.2The SN1 Mechanism
7.3.3Activation by Electrophilic Cations
7.3.4The E2 Reaction
7.3.5Stereochemistry of the E2 Reaction
.3.6The E1 Reaction
7.3.7Summary of Factors Influencing Alkyl Halide Reactions
7.4Organometallic Compounds
7.4.1Reactions of Alkyl Halides with Reducing Metals
7.5Reactions of Dihalides
7.5.1Preparation of Alkynes by Dehydrohalogenation
Chapter 8Aromatic compounds
8.1Benzene Derivatives
8.2Aromaticity
8.3Aromatic Substitution Reactions
8.3.1Substitution Reactions of Benzene and Other Aromatic Compounds
8.3.2A Mechanism for Electrophilic Substitution Reactions of Benzene
8.3.3Substitution Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
8.3.4Characteristics of Specific Substitution Reactions
8.3.5Electrophilic Substitution of Disubstituted Benzene Rings
8.4Reactions of Substituent Groups
8.5Reactions of Fused Benzene Rings
……
Chapter 9 Alcohol Phenol and Ethers
Chapter 10 Aldehydes and Ketones
Chapter 11 Carboxylic Acids
Chapter 12 Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
Chapter 13 Chemistry of Amines