语音与数据通信手册（英文版）

　　Welcome to the world of telephony and telecommunications！ We areabout to embark on a descriptive and narrative overview of the telecom-munications industry. This book is designed to help clear the air for you.One of the major problems with this technology and industry is the useof jargon， or 'telephonese，' which causes confusion and misunderstandingin the industry for users， purchasers， and vendors alike Even professionalswho have been in the industry for years can have difficulty communicat-ing The reason is simple： too many acronyms are used， many with multi-ple meanings An acronym will mean one thing to a voice telephonyperson and something completely different to an engineer who has 20years of experience Your rule of thumb therefore， should be to disallow the use of telecom-munications acronyms in any discussions you have with any vendor， car-ries or end user. If the propensity exists for these people to use terms andacronyms， call a time-ouc Have them explain all the alphabet soup theyare using. You may be surprised to find out that they can't explain theacronyms This will obviously cause you some concern， but fear not; thesefolks will ultimately get to the point. Furthermore， since they won't beusing all those buzzwords， communications should flow more smoothly. Now that the stage is set， let's get into a basic discussion of telephonyand telecommunications principles. No magic exists here， merely anunderstanding of what telecommunications is all about： the principles ofa telephone， the line connections employed， the forms of communica-tions used， and an understanding of the telephone company networks.We intend to make .things as simple as possible as we cover the varioustechniques and terminology used throughout this book. Be aware， how-eves that no matter how simple we attempt to make this information andno matter how smoothly we attempt to steer you through the guides out-lined， this is a technical subject. Therefore， from time to time we may startsounding a little 'techie' This is not done to impress or confuse you—wejust cannot think of a way to make our explanation any more basic with-out destroying the flow. At any rate， this book is designed to give you afundamental understanding of the overall concepts used in the telecom-munications arena， both voice and data.

暂缺《语音与数据通信手册（英文版）》作者简介

Introduction                  
 Chapter 1    The History of Telecommunications                  
                      Who Really Invented the Telephone?                  
                      Evolution of the Telecommunications Industry                  
                      The First Telephone Companies Formed                  
                      The Regulatory Scene                  
                      "Hush-a-Phone"                  
                      The Introduction of Competition                  
                      The Divestiture Agreement                  
                       Tariffs                  
                       The Telecom Act of 1996                  
                       The Canadian Marketplace                  
 Chapter 2    Voice Characteristics                  
                      The Medium                  
                      Sound                  
                      What Is Bandwidth?                  
                      Voices                  
                      Other Services                  
 Chapter 3    The Telephone Network                  
                      A Topology of Connections Is Used                  
                      The Local Loop                  
                      The Network Hierarchy (Pre-1984)                  
                      The Network Hierarchy (Post-1984)                  
                      The Public-Switched Network                  
                      The North American Numbering Plan                  
                      The Area Code                  
                      The Exchange Code                  
                      The Subscriber Extension                  
                      Private Networks                  
                      Hybrid Networks                  
                      Local Access and Transport Areas (LATAs)                  
                      Wiring Connections: Hooking Things Up                  
                      Types of Communications                  
                      Equipment                  
 Chapter 4    The Telephone Sec                  
                      The Function of the Telephone Set                  
                      The Pieces                  
                      Newer Sets                  
 Chapter S    Analog versus Digital Transmission                  
                      Introduction                  
                      Analog Transmission Systems                  
                      Analog-to-Digital Conversion                  
                      Digital Signaling                  
                      Digital Data in an Analog World                  
 Chapter 6    Carriers                  
                      Local Exchange Carriers                  
                      Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs)                  
                      Interexchange (IEC/IXC) Carriers                  
                      Value-Added Carriers                  
                      Alternate Operator Services                  
                      Aggregators                  
                      Competitive Access Providers                  
                      Resellers                  
 Chapter 7    Lines versus Trunks                  
                      Introduction                  
                      DID                  
                      DOD                  
                      FX                  
                      OFX                  
                      Tie Lines                  
                      WATS                  
                      Private Line                  
                      Comments on Lina and Trunk Networking                  
 Chapter 8    Traffic Engineering                  
                      Where Can the Information Be Obtained?                  
                      Accomplishing the Mission                  
                      Using the Information                  
 Chapter 9    Equipment: Private Branch Exchanges                  
                      Private Branch Exchange (PBX)                  
                      Analog Systems                  
                      Digital PBX                  
                      Central Office Centrex                  
                      Centrex Service                  
                      Peripheral Devices                  
 Chapter 10   Key Telephone Systems                  
                      Why Key Systems?                  
                      Vendor Interfaces                  
                      Key Players in the Key System Marketplace                  
 Chapter 11   Voice Processing                  
                      Introduction                  
                      Control Alternatives: Touch-Tone or Voice                  
                            Recognition                  
                      Automated Attendant                  
                      A Few Important Points Not Directly Illustrated in                  
                            the Dialogue                  
                      Automatic Call Distributor                  
                      Voice Mail                  
                      Interactive Voice Response                  
 Chapter 12   Computer-to-Telephony Integration (CTI)                  
                      Other Applications                  
                      Why All the Hype?                  
                      Linking Computers and Communications                  
                      The Technology Advancement                  
                      The Final Bond                  
                      Technology Enhancements                  
                      Other Technologies                  
                      Summary                  
 Chapter 13   Data Communications                  
                      Concepts                  
                      Architectures                  
                      Protocols                  
                      Transmission Protocols (Synchronous vs.                  
                             Asynchronous)                  
                      Error Detection                  
                      Parity Bit/Vertical Redundancy Checking (VRC)                  
                      Longitudinal Redundancy Checking (LRC)                  
                      Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC)                  
                      Plexes—ommunications Channel Directions                  
                      Compression                  
                      Multiplexing                  
                      Codes                  
                      Modulation                  
                      Devices                  
                      Modems                  
 Chapter 14   T1 and the T-Carrier System                  
                      Evolution of the T-Carrier System                  
                      Analog Transmission Basics                  
                      The Evolution to Digital                  
                      Analog-to-Digital Conversion                  
                      The Movement to End Users                  
                      TI Basics                  
                      Framed Format                  
                      Bipolar                  
                      Byte Synchronous                  
                      Channelized versus Nonchannelized                  
                      Digital Capacities                  
                      Signaling                  
                      Clocking (Network Synchronization)                  
                      Performance Issues                  
                      D3/D4 Framing                  
                      Maintenance Issues                  
                      Error Detection                  
                      Errors of Omission/Commission                  
                       ESF—A Step to Correct the Problem                  
                       Framing                  
                       The Facility Data Link                  
                       Benefits of ESF                  
                       Problems with ESF                  
 Chapter 15   The Open Systems Interconnect Model (OSI)                  
                       Other Network Architectures                  
                       SNA                  
                       SNA  Components                  
                       The SSCP                  
                       The Physical Unit                  
                       The Logical Unit                  
                       Digital Network Architecture (DNA)                  
                       Internet Protocols (TCP/IP)                  
                       IP                  
                       TCP                  
 Chapter 16   Internet                  
                      Introduction                  
                      A Little History                  
                      Structure (Who's at the Center—and Why)                  
                      Why the Hype?                  
                      Everybody as a Publisher                  
                      Commercial Opportunity?                  
                      Spam                  
                      Web Advertising                  
                      Web Site                  
                      Protocols                  
                      Naming Standards                  
                      Gaining Access                  
                      Internet Futures                  
 Chapter 17   Intranet                  
                      Introduction                  
                      Issues                  
                      The Architecture                  
                      Accessing the Network                  
                      Intranet: The Logical Evolution                  
                      Is It for Everyone?                  
                      The Full-Service Intranet                  
                      Applications                  
                      Getting There from Here                  
                      Other Issues                  
 Chapter 18           Packet Switching Technologies (X.25)                  
                      Data Communications Problems                  
                      The Data Communications Review                  
                      Packet Switching Defined                  
                      What Is Packet Switching?                  
                      The Packet Switching Analogy                  
                      The Paget Concept                  
                      Overhead                  
                      Summary of Packet Format                  
                      The Packet Network                  
                      The User ConneCtion                  
                      Benefits of Packets                  
                      Oeher Benefits                  
                      Advantages of Packet Switching                  
                      Other Components of Packet Switching                  
                      The X.25 Numbering Plan                  
                      Applications for X.25 Services                  
                      Other Forms of Packets                  
 Chapter 19           Local Area Networks (LANs)                  
                      What Are LANs?                  
                      A LAN by Another Name                  
                      Why They Are Used                  
                      Distributed Systems                  
                      Client/Server Architecture                  
                      How They work                  
                      Topologies                  
                      Internetworking                  
  Chapter 20          Ethernet                  
                       Concepts                  
                       Components                  
                       Fast Ethernet                  
 Chapter 21   Token Ring LANs                  
                      Token Rings                  
                      The IBM Token Concept                  
                      Initial Layout                  
                      Problems Encountered                  
                      The Solution tO Physical Problems                  
                      Cable Types Used                  
                      Speeds                  
                      Media Access Control Layer                  
                      The Frame                  
                      The Token                  
                      The Abort Sequence                  
                      The Frame                  
                      Case Example                  
 Chapter 22   Baseband versus Broadband                  
                      Baseband and Broadband                  
                      Motivations Driving the LAN Decision                  
                      Broadband Cable Systems                  
                      Baseband vs. Broadband                  
 Chapter 23   Fiber Distributed Data interface                  
                      FDDI Design                  
                      FDDI Configuration                  
                      FDDI on the OSl Model                  
                      The FDDI Frame                  
                      Synchronization                  
                      FDDI Applications                  
                      FDDI in the MAN                  
                      FDDI Recovery                  
                      FDDI-II                  
                      Fast Ethernet                  
                      Ethernet Switching                  
 Chapter 24   Switched Multimegabit Data Services                  
                      What Is SMDS?                  
                      The Local Environment                  
                      Technology Used in SMDS                  
                     The SMDS Goal                  
                     Access Rates to SMDS                  
                     Accessing the MAN                  
                     The IEEE 802.6 Architecture                  
                     The DQDB Architecture                  
                     The MAN Access Unit                  
                     The Data Handling                  
                     Information Throughput                  
                     Future Services on SMDS                  
 Chapter 25   Frame Relay                  
                     What Is Frame Relay?                  
                     Why  Was Frame Relay Developed?                  
                     The Significance of Frame Relay                  
                     Comparing Frame Relay to Other Services                  
                     Frame Relay Speeds                  
                     Guaranteed Delivery                  
                     Advantages of Frame Relay Services                  
                     Services Available                  
                     Frame Relay Standards                  
                     The Major Players                  
                     Others                  
                     LMI Specification                  
                     What the Standards State                  
                     Voice Over Frame Relay                  
                     Equipment                  
                     International                  
                     Advantages                  
                     Disadvantages                  
 Chapter 26   Integrated Services Digital Network                  
                    What Is ISDN?                  
                    ISDN Defined                  
                    Who Is Making the Rules?                  
                    Why Do We Need ISDN?                  
                    The Overall ISDN Concept                  
                    Integration                  
                    The ISDN Architecture                  
                    Physical View                  
                    Logical View                  
                     Architecture Reality                  
                     Basic Operating Characteristics                  
                     Bearer Services                  
                     Clear-Channel Capability                  
                     Applications for ISDN                  
                     ISDN Centrex versus PBX Service                  
                     Centrex                  
                     ISDN PBX Capabilities                  
                     Applications for ISDN in Vertical Markets                  
                     Messages and Frame Formats                  
 Chapter 27   Asynchronous Transfer Mode                  
                     ATM Capabilities                  
                     What Is ATM?                  
                     Broadband Communications                  
                     Time-Division Multiplexing                  
                     The Digital Hierarchy                  
                     SONET                  
                     The Cell Concept                  
                     The Importance of Cells                  
                     Cell Sizes and Formats                  
                     The Cell Format for User Data                  
                     The Adaptation Layer                  
                     ATM Standards Protocols                  
                     Equipment                  
                     ATM in the LAN Environment                  
                     Evaluating the Need for ATM                  
                     What to Expect at the Desktop                  
                     LAN to LAN via ATM                  
                     LAN to MAN via ATM                  
                     Local Exchange Carriers                  
                     Interexchange Carriers                  
                     CAP and Cable TV Suppliers                  
                     CATV Companies                  
                     Application Needs Driving                  
                     Assess the Situation                  
 Chapter 28   Cellular and Personal Communications Systems                  
                    Radio Transmission                  
                    Problems with the AMPS/IMTS                  
                    Cellular Communications                  
                    Meeting the Demand                  
                    The Telephone (Mobile) Set                  
                    Cellular's Success and Loss                  
                    Digital Transmission                  
                    Voice Technology and Applications                  
                    Facsimile Technology                  
                    Data Transmission                  
                    Digital Cellular Evolution                  
                    Personal Communications Services                  
                    Technology                  
                    The Concept of PCS/PCN                  
                    Why Personal Communications?                  
                    The Evolution of Personal Communications                  
                    Comparing PCS to Cellular Networks                  
 Chapter 29   Radio Systems                  
                    Radio-Based Systems                  
                    Satellite                  
                    Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs)                  
                    Microwave                  
                    Future Use of Microwave and Satellite Systems                  
 Chapter 30   Light Systems                  
                    System Geometry                  
                    Atmospheric Conditions                  
                    Site Selection                  
                    Licensing Requirements                  
                    Bandwidth Capacities                  
                    Applications                  
                    Can the System Carry LAN Traffic Transparently?                  
                    Advantages of Infrared                  
                    Disadvantages of Infrared                  
                    Fiber-optic Compatible Systems                  
 Chapter 31   Video Conferencing                  
                    Video Conferencing Systems                  
                    What Is Video Conferencing?                  
                    Video Conferencing Overview                  
                    The Parts of a Video System                  
                    Standards in Video ConferencJng                  
                    Multipoint Control Units                  
                    Connecting the Parts                  
 Chapter 32   Finances for Telecommunications                  
                    Introduction                  
                    Benefits                  
                    Costs                  
                    Pricing Considerations                  
 Chapter 33   Facsimile                  
                     Facsimile Transmission                  
                     Types of Fax                  
                     Printing Options                  
                     Fax Boards                  
                     Common Uses of Fax                  
                     Future Machines                  
 Chapter 34   Cabling Systems                  
                     Introduction                  
                     Twisted Pair                  
                     Coax                  
                     Fiber Optics                  
                     Applications of Fiber                  
                     Fiber Differences                  
                     Fiber Futures and Risks                  
 Appendix                  
 Index