微观经济学

　　前言本教科书已经是第九版了，但它与第一版仍有着相同的目的：尽可能用最清楚、最有趣的方式解释微观经济理论，并说明微观经济理论广泛的实际应用。但是，由于理论本身的进展，也由于它的应用和教学方法的变化，我们对每一章都作了大量的改动。在这新的一版中，我们增加了两章，一章讨论竞争在促进经济效率中的作用（以及政府干预的作用）；另一章说明非对称信息对买卖双方市场行为的影响。现将我们对这两章以及其他一些增改简述如下：1．紧接着关于完全竞争的讨论，我们增加了讨论政府干预作用的一章，即第10章。在这一章中，我们对完全竞争市场能够促进经济效率的方式以及政府干预的影响进行了初步的考察。对学生来讲，了解竞争市场对这种干预会作出何种响应，以及能够（至少大致）估计由此导致的消费者和生产者的收益和损失，是十分重要的。本章为学生提供的分析工具（和若干实际的案例研究）有助于他们获得这种本领。2．新增加的另一章是关于非对称信息的第18章。在这一章中，我们讨论非对称信息如何影响买卖双方的市场行为。我们的结果可以解释现代经济中的各种现象——从旧车市场上多得不成比例的坏车到劳动市场中存在的大量失业。另外，我们的发现还说明了如果存在非对称信息，在完全竞争经济中为什么会出现市场失灵。3．本版增加了一个新的跨章案例：“FCC和全球最大的拍卖”。这一案例考察的是1995年5月，联邦通讯委员会（FCC）关于宽波段个人通讯业务许可证的拍卖，和1994年关于窄波段个人通讯业务的拍卖。FCC的拍卖是微观经济理论应用中的里程碑。4．为了给增添的这些新内容留下足够的篇幅，我们对关于投入品的价格和使用量的讨论进行了压缩并放在第14章。在上一版中，这些内容占用了两章，而现在则被浓缩成了一章。5．增加了不少新的论题。比如，在第12章，增加了斯塔克尔伯格模型和伯特兰模型；而在第13章，引入了博弈树的概念并介绍了最大最小策略。6．增加了许多新的实例。特别而言，下面这些例题是新的：（1）咖啡馆入侵曼哈顿；（2）棉花价格：南北战争以来的最高水平；（3）大公司的总经理真的值每年2600万美元吗？（4）汽油的最高限价；（5）奶制品的价格支持；（6）汽油税应该提高吗？（7）在福克斯伍兹玩老虎机；（8）轮胎零售市场；（9）内尔·西蒙到外百老汇；（10）固定装置市场的非对称信息；（11）小货车和棒球选手中的“次品”；（12）达瓦特、麦当劳及信誉的重要性。7．每章末的习题有所增加，并对原有习题作了不少改动以使讨论更贴近时代。从第1章到第19章，对图、表、正文和注释都作了不少改动，对每个句子都以挑剔的眼光重读了一遍。

暂缺《微观经济学》作者简介

    Chapter 1
    What Is Economics All About
    I. Where Did Economics Come From?
    II . What Is the Purpose of the Study of Economics?
    III Subject Matter of Economics
    IV. Definition of Economics
    V . Macroeconomics and Microeconomics
    and Their Goals
    VI. The Classification of the Questions Western
    Economics Deals with
    VII Positive and Normative Economics
   Chapter 2
    Demand and Supply
    1. Individual Demand
    2 Market Demand
    II. Supply
    1. Individual Supply
    2. Market Supply
    III.The Interaction of Supply and Demand
    1. The Market Equilibrium
    2. Formation of Equilibrium Price
    3. Excess Quantity Demanded or Shortages
    4. Excess Quantity Supplied or Surplus
    5. The Effects of Changes in Demand and Supply
    on Equilibrium
    IV. Restraining the Market Mechanism: Price Ceilings
    and Price Floors
   Chapter 3
    Elasticity
    1 . Definition of Elasticity
    II. Elasticity of Demand
    1. Price Elasticity of Demand
    2. Unit Elasticity
    3. Determinants of Elasticity of Demand
    4. Elasticity of Demand and Total Revenue
    of Sellers
    5 Calculating Elasticity of Demand
    6. Income Elasticity of Demand
    7. Cross-elasticity of Demand
    8. Substitutes, Complements and
    Non-related goods
    III. Elasticity of Supply
    1. Totally Inelastic Supply
    2. Totally Elastic Supply
    3. Unit Elastic Supply
    4. Inelastic Supply
    5 Elastic Supply
   Chapter 4
    The Theory of Consumer Behaviour
    I . Marginal Utility Analysis
    1. Consumers
    2. Wants and Utility
    3. Consumer Equilibrium
    II.Indifference Curve Analysis
    1.The Indifference Curve
    2.Assumptions about Preferences
    3 Characteristics of the Indifference Curves
    III. Budget Line
    1. Properties of a Budget Line
    2.Consumer Equilibrium
    IV. Indifference Curves and Consumer
    Demand Curve
    1. Income-consumption Line
    2. Price-consumption Line
    3 Price-consumption Line and Demand Curve
    V . Substitution and Income Effects
    1 Substitution and Income Effects from
    a Fall in Price
    2 Substitution and Income Effects from
    a Rise in Price
    3. Substitution and Income Effects for
    Inferior Goods
    4. Substitution and Income Effects for
    Giffen Goods
    I. Different Forms of Firms
    1. Sole Proprietorship
    2. Partnership
    3. Corporations
    II . Production and its Basic Rules
    1. Production Functions
    2. Technological Coefficient
    3. Production with One Variable Input
    4. Economies of Scale
    III Cost and Revenue Analysis
    1. Cost Analysis
    2.Revenue Analysis
    IV. The Optimum Combination of Production
    Resources
    1. Isoquants
    2.Characteristics of Isoquant
    3.Iso-cost
    I . The Goods Market and Factor Market
    II . Three Co-ordination Tasks in the Economy
    III. The Concept of Efficient Resource Allocation
    1. Efficiency in Output Selection
    2. Efficiency in Production Planning
    3. Efficiency in Distribution of Commodities
    4. How the Invisible Hand is at Work
   Chapter 7
    The Concept of Market Structure
    I. Perfect Competition
    1. The Rule of Revenues of a Firm under
    Perfect Competition
    2. Equilibrium of the Competitive Firm
    II. Monopoly
    1. Causes of Monopoly
    2. Natural Monopoly
    3. The Rule of Revenue under Monopoly
    4.Firm's Equilibrium under Monopoly
    III. Monopolistic Competition
    1. Conditions for Monopolistic Competition
    2. Equilibrium under Monopolistic Competition
    IV. Oligopoly
    1. Oligopoly Theory
    2. Oligopoly Cost and Demand
    3.The Kinked Demand Curve
    V . Efficiency Comparison of Different Markets
   Chapter 8
    Distribution Theory
    I . Distribution Theory Based on Marginal
    Productivity
    1. Marginal Productivity
    2. Marginal Physical Product
    3. Marginal Revenue Product
    4. The Marginal Productivity Theory of
    Distribution
    II . Distribution Theory Based on Price Equilibrium
    1. The Equilibrium Price Theory of Distribution 1
    2. The Demand and Supply of Production
    Resources
    3. Determinants of the Equilibrium'Wage Rate
    4. Marginal Efficiency of Capital and
    Determination of the Interest Rate
    5. Determinants of Equilibrium of Land Rent
    III. Profit Theory
    1. Innovation
    2. Risk Bearing
    3 Monopoly Profits
    IV. Lorenz Curve
    Summary
    I . What Is Economics All About?
    II . Demand and Supply
    III. Elasticity
    IV. The Theory of Consumer Behaviour
    V . Production Theory
    VI . Price System
    VII. The Concept of Market Structure
    VIII. Distribution Theory
   BIBLIOGRAPHY