心理学实验的设计与报告：英文版

　　教育部高等学校心理学教学指导委员会推荐用书（英文版）！心理学实验在心理学科的发展进程中具有不可替代的作用。而心理学研究报告（或论文）是心理学研究成果最重要的表达形式之一。心理学研究报告的撰写既涉及与研究课题的理论背景、研究假设等相关的科学知识，又涉及与实验设计、统计相关的实验结构知识和与心理学科技论文写作规范相关的知识。这种论文撰写能力的形成和提升尚需要一个不断训练、不断实践的过程。就我国高等院校的心理学专业目前所开设的诸如：普通心理学、认知心理学、实验心理学、心理统计等专业基础课程而言，似无法独立完成对学生的这种综合训练，因此有必要开设相应的课程或专题。《心理学实验的设计与报告》语言简练、易读易懂，对学生在撰写研究报告过程中所遇到的实际问题给出了操作性很强的指导，可作为我国高等院校心理学专业学生（包括本科生和研究生）的教材或教学参考书，也可作为心理学工作者撰写心理学研究报告（或论文）的参考手册。

　　彼得·哈里斯，他是英国谢菲尔德大学心理系的讲师，他曾在萨塞克斯大学、赫特福德大学和诺丁汉大学工作过，也曾在阿姆斯特丹大学和牛津大学做过访问学者。他主要的研究方向是社会和健康心理学。

Preface
Tostudents
Howtousethisbook
Totutors
Part1Writingexperimentalreports
1Somepreliminaries
1.1Experiencedstudents,inexperiencedstudentsandthereport
1.2Writingthereport
1.3Theimportanceofreferencinginthetext
1.4Thereportasaresearchinstrument
1.5Findingthingstowriteabout:howtogetmorereferences
1.5.1Wheretostart
1.5.2Waysofaddingtoyourreferences
1.6Experimentalethics
2TheINTRODUCTIONsection
2.1ThefirstpartoftheINTRODUCTION:reviewingthebackgroundtoyourstudy
2.2Inexperiencedstudents,experiencedstudentsandtheINTRODUCTION
2.3Yourownstudy
3TheMETHODsection
3.1TheDESIGNsubsection
3.2ThePARTICIPANTSsubsection
3.3TheAPPARATUSorMATERIALSsubsection
3.4ThePROCEDUREsubsection
3.5Interactingwithandinstructingparticipants
3.6OptionaladditionalsubsectionsoftheMETHOD
3.6.1Pilottest
3.6.2Ethicalissues
3.6.3Statisticalpower
4TheRESULTSsection
4.1Describingthedata
4.2Analysingthedata
4.3AnexampleRESULTSsection
4.4MistakestoavoidintheRESULTSsection
4.5Rejectingornotrejectingthenullhypothesis
4.6Reportingspecificstatistics
4.6.1Chi-square,X2
4.6.2Spearmanrankcorrelationcoefficient(rho),rs
4.6.3Pearson'sproductmomentcorrelationcoefficient,r
4.6.4Mann-WhitneyUtest,U
4.6.5Wilcoxon'sMatched-PairsSigned-RanksTest,T
4.6.6Kruskal-Wallisone-wayanalysisofvariance,H
4.6.7Friedman'sANOVA,X2r
4.6.8Thettest(independentandrelated),t
4.6.9Analysisofvariance(ANOVA),F
4.6.10Do'sanddon'tswhenreportingANOVA
4.6.11Statisticsofeffectsize
5TheDISCUSSIONsection
5.1Howwelldothefindingsfitthepredictions?
5.2Whatdothefindingsmean?
5.3Whataretheimplicationsofthesefindings?
5.4Whattodowhenyou'vebeenunabletoanalyseyourdataproperly
5.5Externalvalidity:thegeneralizabilityoffindings
5.6SometipstohelpyoutoavoidsomecommonfailingsintheDISCUSSION
5.7TwoexampleDISCUSSIONsections
5.7.1Thecheeseandnightmareexperiment
5.7.2Themnemonicexperiment
6TheTITLEandABSTRACT
6.1TheTITLE
6.2TheABSTRACT
7Referencesandappendices
7.1TheREFERENCESsection
7.2GeneralrulesfortheREFERENCESsection
7.3Citingspecifictypesofreference
7.4Citingelectronicandonlinesources
7.5Appendices
8Producingthefinalversionofthereport
8.1Writingstyle
8.2Definitionsandabbreviations
8.3Referencesinthetext
8.4Tablesandfigures
8.5Graphingdata
8.5.1OneIVwithtwolevels
8.5.2Errorbars
8.5.3OneIVwithmorethantwolevels
8.5.4MorethanoneIV
8.6Draftingthereport
8.7Producingthefinalversion
Checklistforreportwriting
Whatthemarkerislookingfor
Part2Designingexperiments
9Experimentinginpsychology
9.1Experimenting
9.1.1Theexperiment
9.1.2Experimentalandcontrolconditions
9.1.3Control:eliminatingconfoundingvariables
9.1.4Experimentalandnullhypotheses
9.1.5Moreoncontrollingvariables
9.2Correlation
9.3Description
10ExperimentaldesignI
10.1Unrelatedandrelatedsamplesindependentvariables
10.2Othernamesforunrelatedandrelatedsamplesindependentvariables
10.3Decidingbetweenrelatedandunrelatedsamples
10.4Relatedsamples
10.4.1Advantages
10.4.2Disadvantages
10.4.3Controllingforordereffects
10.5Principalalternativestorelatedsamples
10.6Unrelatedsamples
10.6.1Advantages
10.6.2Disadvantages
10.6.3Waysaroundthesedisadvantages
10.7Matchingparticipants
10.8Theexternalvalidityofyourexperiment
10.9Theinternalvalidityofyourexperiment
10.10Ethics:theself-esteemandwelfareofyourparticipants
10.10.1Informedconsent
10.10.2Debriefingyourparticipants
10.10.3Dataconfidentiality
11Statistics:significancetesting
11.1Inferentialstatistics
11.2Testingforstatisticalsignificance
11.3TypeIandtypeIIerrors
11.4Choosingastatisticaltest
11.5Two-tailedandone-tailedtests
11.6Testingforstatisticalsignificance:summaryoftheprocedure
12Statistics:effectsizeandpower
12.1Effectsize
12.2Power
12.2.1Estimatingpower
12.2.2Increasingthepowerofourexperiments
12.3Effectsizeandpower:reportingandinterpretingfindings
12.3.1Reportingforthosewhodonotknowhowtocalculatepoweroreffectsizestatistics
12.3.2Reportingforthosewhohavebeentaughthowtocalculatepoweroreffectsizestatistics
13ExperimentaldesignII
13.1Extendingthenumberoflevelsontheindependentvariable
13.1.1UnrelatedsamplesIVs
13.1.2RelatedsamplesIVs
13.2Experimentaldesignswithtwoormoreindependentvariables
13.3Labellingdesignsthathavetwoormoreindependentvariables
13.4Maineffectsofindependentvariables
13.5Statisticalinteractions
13.6AnalysingdesignsinvolvingtwoormoreIVs
13.7Graphingstatisticalinteractions
13.8Watchoutfor"IVs"thatarenottrueindependentvariables
13.9Somefinaltipstohelpyoutodesignbetterexperimentsandwritebetterreports
13.9.1Thebasicrule
13.9.2Gettingreliablemeasuresofthedependentvariable
13.9.3Pilottesting
13.9.4Thepost-experimentalinterview
13.9.5Checkandscreenyourdatabeforestatisticalanalysis
13.10Aboveall,randomizeproperly
Commentary
Recommendedreading
AnswerstoSAQs
References