客观语言测试：英文版

　　这是一部讨论语言测试问题的学术专著，作者B·斯伯尔斯基是以色列巴依兰大学的英语教授，从事语言测试研究多年，在这方面有丰富的经验和丰硕的成果。本书汇集了翔实的史料，介绍了客观语言测试在20世纪的发展，为研究人员了解英语测试的历史以及展望未来可能的发展前景提供了可贵的背景资料。全书分为两大部分。第一部分题为“客观语言测试的历史”，论述了测试的驱动力，回顾了1913—1935年间出现的新型语言测试，心理测量学的传播及主导地位的取得，30年代语言测试技术的新发展，二战期间服务于国家利益的语言测试之诞生，语言测试的专业化和1954—1965年间语言测试日趋成熟的过程。作者通过回顾语言测试发展的历史，揭示了测试走向客观的必然趋势。第二部分题为“TOE—FL考试以及美国英语测试的兴起”。这部分中作者回顾了TOEFL考试的酝酿、诞生及发展，论述了公共测试和学院测试的兴起，并分析了机构、政治和经济等因素对测试理论的影响。本书论述的内容并非语言测试理论和实践的全史，而是高度机构化、产业化的测试的局部历史。这是一部人类如何发展那些着重可靠性、高效性和商业可行性的测试的历史。本书是一本颇有分量、富有启发性的语言测试专著，适用于攻读应用语言学和外语教学理论的硕士生和博士生，可作为他们的教材或必读参考书；对于从事语言测试发展研究和应用的学者，也有相当高的参考价值。

暂缺《客观语言测试：英文版》作者简介

Acknowledgements
Preface
Acronyms
Prolegomena
Readthiscarefullybeforestartingthetest
Answerin500words:Whatisatest?
Technologyanditsusesormisuses
Pedagogicaltesting
Qualifyingtests
Widerusesandstronger
Ashorthistory
PARTONEThehistoryoftheobjectivelanguagetest
2Theencroachingpowerofexaminations
Shibbolethsandotherpunishments
TheChineseprinciple
Liberty,equality,andexaminations
Thetriumphofthecompetitiveexamination
Theunavoidableuncertaintyofthetraditionalexamination
FortheNumberscame
Themeasurementofintelligence
Thenew-typelanguagetest:1913-1935
Beginningsoflanguagetests
The1913committee
TheArmyAlphatests
ObjectivetestingcapturesAmericaneducation
Thegrowthofnew-typetesting
TheModernLanguageStudyandtheAmericanCouncil
Alphatests
Otherstandardizedtests
Spreadingthepsychometrichegemony
Objectivityorcontrol?
TheCollegeBoardexaminationtotestcompetenceinthe
Englishlanguage
Essaygrading
TheCambridgeexaminationsinEnglishforforeigners
Repatriatingreliability
5Newtechnologiesandconsumerprotection
Testingofauralcomprehension
Progressinlanguagetestinginthe1930s
NewforeignlanguagetestsinBritain
Non-pedagogicalusesoflanguagetests
Technologicaladvancesinlanguagetestinginthe1930s
ConsumerprotectionandtheBurosreviews
6Languagetestinggoestowar:1940--1945
Orallanguageproficiency
USlanguagetestinggoestOwar:1943-1945
Awartimeproposal
Post-warimpactoftheArmySpecializedTrainingProgram
Cambridgeexaminationsinwartime
7Prognosticationandaptitude:1925-1960
Someearlytestsofprognosis
TheSymonds'testsofprognosis
Kaulfersonprognosis
Otherstudiesofprognosis
TheArmyUCLAaptitudestudy
Thepredictionofsuccessinintensiveforeignlanguagetraining
TheModernLanguageAptitudeTest
Thestateofprophecy
8Languagetestinginthenationalinterest
IntensityandtheColdWar
Modernlanguagetestingattheendofthe1940s
The1947EnglishExaminationforForeignStudents
Professionalization
9Testinggoesprofessional
Theincorporationoflanguagetesting
Meetingatmeetings
Thestateoftheartin1954
10Languagetestingtriumphant:1954-1965
Maturity
SpeakingfunctionallyatFoggyBottom
TheCollegeBoardtestsin1954:objectivitytriumphant
TheNortheastconference:auralandoralresting
TheModernLanguageAssociationForeignLanguage
ProficiencyTests
Objectivitychallenged
PARTTWOTOEFLandtheriseofthetransatlanticEnglishtestingindustry
11Englishtestsforforeigners:1945-1960
EnglishlanguagetestingatMichigan
TheAmericanUniversityLanguageCentertests
LacklandAirForceBase
Britishtestinginthepost-warperiod
TheCambridgeexaminationsinEnglishafter1945
12TheideaofTOEFL
Plansandparticipants
Discussionsanddecisions
13TOEFL:gestation
TheEducationalTestingServiceinterestandtheendofthe
EnglishExaminationforForeignStudents
Implementingtheplan
14ThebirthofTOEFL
TheNationalCouncilstartswork
Affiliationsandplans
Thesecondcouncilmeeting,May1962
Negotiating
Tally-ho
15Actionintheboardrooms
TheCollegeBoarddefendsitsturf
Forddecides
Thecouncilacts,May1963
16TOEFLinaction
TheTOEFLprogrammestartswork
Thefinalformofthefirsttest
Theprogrammeinoperationin1964
Abidforfreedom
17Dividingupthepot
Thesecondandlastyear
Salvageoperations
TheNationalCouncilconcedes
TOEFLatPrinceton
18TheEnglishtestingindustry
GrowthoftheTOEFLindustryinPrinceton
ResearchanddevelopmentatTOEFL
TheTestofSpokenEnglish(TSE)
Reliabilityofessays
TheTestofWrittenEnglish(TWE)
OtherTOEFLinitiatives
TOEFL2000
19TheCambridge-Princetontestrace
TheCambridgeexaminationsexamined
TheotherBritishtradition
ImprovingandinternationalizingELTS
TheflourishingEnglishtestingindustry
20Jubilee:anenvoi
Objectivitydominant
Thesearchfortheholyscale
Howmuchdoesithurt?
Re-embodyinglanguageproficiency
Oedipal?ButwhatifIdon'tlikemymothereither?
Checkyouranswersbeforeyouhandinthepaper
Bibliography
Indexofpersonalnames
SubjectIndex