语言学教程

　　This book is a self-contained introduction to language and linguistics. suitable for use as a textbook and for self-study. Written by a team of distinguished linguists， it offers a unified approach to language from several perspectives. A language is a complex structure represented in the minds of its speakers， and this book provides the tools necessary for understanding this structure， It explains basic concepts and recent theoretical ideas in the major aresa of linguistics （phonetics， phonology， morphology， syntax and semantics）， as well as the applications of these to the study of child laguage acquisition， psycholinguistics， language disorders and sociolinguistics. The book is divided into three parts： sounds， words and sentences. In each of these parts， the foundational concepts are introduced along with their applications in the above fields. giving this book a clear and unique structure. Each section is accompanied by extensive exercises and guidance on further reading. The authors all teach at the department of Language and Linguistics at the University of Essex， Andrew Radford is the author of four best-selling textbooks： Transformational Syntax（1981），Transformational Grammar（1988），Syntax（1997）and Syntactic Theory and the Structure of English （1997）， all published by Cambridge Uniersity Press. Martin Atkinson is the author of Explanations in Child Language Acquisition（1982）， Children's Syntax（1992）and Foundations of General Linguistics（With D.Kilby and 1. Roca， 1988）.David Britain has published articles in Language in Society and Language Variation and Change. Harald Clahsen has written a number of books and articles on child language acquisition， developmental language disorders and the acquisition of German as a second language. Andrew Spencer is the author of Morphological Theory（1991）and Phonology （4996）and has contributed to the Handbook of Morphology and the Handbook of Linguistics. This intoduction， by some of today's most distinguished linguists， should rapidly become the market leader. lnstead of offering the usual catalogue of unconnected topics， the authors of this intoduction cover each of the major areas of language-sounds， words and sentences-from several viewpoints at once， giving a unified account of the field with unparalleled clarity and elegance. Each section is complemented by exercises which are at once challenging， illuninating and entertaining.' Neil Smith. University College London

暂缺《语言学教程》作者简介

Preface by Halliday F11
王宗炎序 F12
导读 F15
List of figures F25
List of maps
F27
List of tables
F28
A note for course organisers and class teachers on the use of this
book
F30
Introduction
1
Linguistics
3
Developmental linguistics
Psycholinguistics
10
Neurolinguistics
12
Sociolinguistics
16
Exercises
19
Further reading and references
24
Part I Sounds
25
1 Introduction
27
Sounds and suprasegmentals
29
Consonants
31
Vowels
39
Suprasegmentals
45
Exercises
49
Sound variation
52
Linguistic variables and sociological variables
52
Stylistic variation
57
Linguistically determined variation
58
Variation and language change
61
Exercises
62
4 Sound change
66
Consonant change
66
Vowel change
69
The transition problem: regular sound change versus lexical
diffusion
73
Suprasegmental change
76
Exercises
78
Phonemes, syllables and phonological processes
84
Phonemes
84
Syllables
88
Syllabification and the Maximal Onset Principle
91
Phonological processes
92
Phonological features
95
Features and processes
97
Exercises
101
6 Child phonology
105
Early achievements
105
Phonological processes in acquisition
106
Perception, production and a dual lexicon model
110
Exercises
117
Processing sounds
120
Speech perception
120
Speech production
125
Other aspects of phonological processing
130
Exercises
133
Further reading and references
135
Appendix 1: The International Phonetic Alphabet
137
Appendix 2: List of distinctive features
138
Appendix 3: Distinctive feature matrix for English consonant
phonemes
141
Part 2 Words
143
8 Introduction
145
Word classes
147
Lexical categories
147
Functional categories
150
The morphological properties of English verbs
153
Inflectional classes in Italian and Russian
156
Exercises
160
10 Building words
162
Morphemes
162
Morphological processes - derivation and inflection
165
Compounds
171
Clitics
173
Allomorphy
175
Exercises
177
11 Morphology across languages
180
The agglutinative ideal
180
Types of morphological operations
186
Exercises
190
12 Word meaning
193
Entailment and hyponymy
194
Meaning opposites
199
Semantic features
200
Dictionaries and prototypes
204
Exercises
207
13 Children and words
211
Early words - a few facts
211
Apprentices in morphology
214
The semantic significance of early words
218
Exercises
223
14 Lexicai processing and the mental lexicon
226
Serial-autonomous versus parallel-interactive processing models
226
On the representation of words in the mental lexicon
232
Exercises
240
15 Lexical disorders
243
Words and morphemes in aphasia
244
Agrammatism
245
Paraphasias
248
Dissociations in SLI subjects'' inflectional systems
250
Exercises
252
16 Lexical variation and change
254
Borrowing words
254
Register: words for brain surgeons and soccer players, hairdressers and life-
savers
256
Biscuit or cookie Variation and change in word choice
257
Same word - new meaning
260
Variation and change in morphology
264
Exercises
271
Further reading and references
274
Part 3 Sentences
277
17 Introduction
279
18 Basic terminology
282
Categories and functions
282
Complex sentences
285
The functions of clauses
289
Exercises
290
19 Sentence structure
292
Merger
292
Tests for constituency
298
Constraints on merger: features and checking
300
Exercises
302
20 Empty categories
304
Empty INFL
304
PRO: the empty subject of infinitive clauses
310
Covert complements
312
Empty constituents in nominal phrases
313
Exercises
318
21 Movement
321
Head movement
322
Operator movement
325
Yes-no questions
331
Other types of movement
333
Exercises
336
22 Syntactic variation
338
Inversion in varieties of English
338
Syntactic parameters of variation
342
The null subject parameter
347
Parametric differences between English and German
349
Exercises
354
23 Logical form
357
Preliminaries
357
A philosophical diversion
359
Covert movement and Logical Form
364
More evidence for covert movement
371
Exercises
375
24 Children''s sentences
378
Setting parameters: two examples
379
Null subjects in early Child English
381
Non-finite clauses in Child English
384
Children''s nominals
389
Exercises
391
25 Sentence processing
394
Click studies
395
Processing empty categories
397
Strategies of sentence processing
399
Exercises
404
26 Syntactic disorders
406
Agrammatism
407
Paragrammatism
412
Specific Language Impairment SLI
413
Conclusion
416
Exercises
419
Further reading and references
422
Bibliography
424
Index
429
文库索引 439