《繁荣的求索》认真对待爱因斯坦的玩笑(4)

在困难时期,伟大的领导人们已经表达了希望。1940年二战之初,温斯顿?丘吉尔在当选英国首相时向议会发表演讲, 坦率地对他的同胞说:“我所能奉献的唯有热血、辛劳、眼泪与汗水。……但当我担负起我的任务时,是乐观而满怀希望的。”他后来还写道:“悲观主义者在机会中总是看到困难,乐观主义者在困难中总是看到机会。”前捷克总统和广受赞誉的作家瓦茨拉夫?哈维尔认为:乐观与希望的区别在于,乐观主义过于幼稚或机会主义,而希望则是做道德上正确的事情:“希望与乐观是截然不同的。它不是坚信某事会有圆满结果,而是确定某事有意义,不管结果如何。”

今天的全球经济挑战既需要乐观也需要希望。幸运的是,我们已经从历史、经济分析与政策中吸取了许多教训去应对这些挑战。我的期望是,这本书将有助于寻找解决方案。

参考文献

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Clift, J. 2010. “IMF Explores Contours of Future Macroeconomic Policy.” IMF Survey Magazine, February 12.

Freeman, C., M. Kumhof, D. Laxton, and J. Lee. 2009. “The Case for a Global Fiscal Stimulus.” IMF Position Note, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC.

Krugman, P. 2009. The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008. New York: W. W. Norton.

Lin, J. Y. 2009. “Beyond Keynesianism: the Necessity of a Globally Coordinated Solution.” Harvard International Review 31 (2): 14–17.

Lin, J. Y. and D. Doemeland. 2012. “Beyond Keynesianism: Global Infrastructure Investments in Times of Crisis.” Policy Research Working Paper 5940, World Bank, Washington, DC.

Ricardo, D. 1817. On The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. London: John Murray.

Stiglitz, J. 2009. Freefall: <st1:country-region w:st="on">America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy. New York: W. W. Norton.

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